Introduced Species, Disease Ecology, and Biodiversity–Disease Relationships

Young, Hillary S.; Parker, Ingrid M.; Gilbert, Gregory S.; Guerra, A.S.; Nunn, Charles L.

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.008

Cited by 150 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…These spore-forming obligate parasites, which are distantly related to fungi, may function like biological weapons because they are tolerated by the invasive carrier, but can kill native competitors when transmitted (Vilcinskas, 2015). Our findings support previous studies highlighting the role of pathogens and parasites co-introduced with invasive species (Amsellem et al, 2017;Young et al, 2017). Taken together, these data suggest that the superior immune system in H. axyridis may have evolved so that this invasive species can safely carry microsporidia as biological weapons, unleashing them against defenseless competitors in newly-colonized habitats.…”

Section: Immunity and Invasive Performancesupporting

confidence: 89%

Behavioral and Immunological Features Promoting the Invasive Performance of the Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis

2017

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The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis is now established as a model to test hypotheses explaining why some species become successfully invasive, while others, even closely related ones, do not. In this review, we evaluate behavioral and immunological features that may play a role in the invasive performance of this model species. We discuss the behavioral traits and associated semiochemicals that promote the invasive success of H. axyridis. In particular, we consider (1) the aggregative behavior and the particular role of long-chain hydrocarbons; (2) the importance of sex pheromones and non-volatile chemicals in mate location and selection; (3) the use of allelochemicals for prey location; and (4) the nature of chemicals that protect against natural enemies. We also highlight the superior immune system of H. axyridis, which encompasses a broader spectrum of antimicrobial peptides (and higher inducible expression levels) compared with native ladybird beetles such as Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata. The chemical defense compound harmonine and the antimicrobial peptides are thought to confer resistance against the abundant microsporidia carried by H. axyridis. These parasites can infect and kill native ladybird species feeding on H. axyridis eggs or larvae, supporting the hypothesis that intraguild predation plays a role in the ability of H. axyridis to outcompete native ladybird species in newly-colonized areas.

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Section: Immunity and Invasive Performancesupporting

confidence: 89%

Behavioral and Immunological Features Promoting the Invasive Performance of the Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis

2017

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“…Future host range shifts may considerably impact parasite spread and disease emergence, both by breaking down existing barriers to host shifting and by increasing parasite dispersal (Atkinson & LaPointe, ; Young, Parker, Gilbert, Guerra, & Nunn, ). Here, a positive relationship between host and parasite distinctiveness indicates that diminishing phylogeographic barriers (where host range shifts may alter local host distinctiveness) could present more opportunities for parasites to shift between related hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate, host phylogeny and the connectivity of host communities govern regional parasite assembly

Clark

Clegg

Sam

et al. 2017

Diversity and Distributions

106

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Aim: Identifying barriers that govern parasite community assembly and parasite invasion risk is critical to understand how shifting host ranges impact disease emergence.We studied regional variation in the phylogenetic compositions of bird species and their blood parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus spp.) to identify barriers that shape parasite community assembly.Location: Australasia and Oceania. Methods:We used a data set of parasite infections from >10,000 host individuals sampled across 29 bioregions. Hierarchical models and matrix regressions were used to assess the relative influences of interspecies (host community connectivity and local phylogenetic distinctiveness), climate and geographic barriers on parasite local distinctiveness and composition.Results: Parasites were more locally distinct (co-occurred with distantly related parasites) when infecting locally distinct hosts, but less distinct (co-occurred with closely related parasites) in areas with increased host diversity and community connectivity (a proxy for parasite dispersal potential). Turnover and the phylogenetic symmetry of parasite communities were jointly driven by host turnover, climate similarity and geographic distance. Main conclusions:Interspecies barriers linked to host phylogeny and dispersal shape parasite assembly, perhaps by limiting parasite establishment or local diversification.Infecting hosts that co-occur with few related species decreases a parasite's likelihood of encountering related competitors, perhaps increasing invasion potential but decreasing diversification opportunity. While climate partially constrains parasite distributions, future host range expansions that spread distinct parasites and diminish barriers to host shifting will likely be key drivers of parasite invasions. K E Y W O R D Scommunity assembly, host shifting, host specificity, interspecies barriers, parasite invasion, Plasmodium

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“…This search resulted in an initial set of 32 111 publications. In addition, we identified 45 additional papers by examining the references of previous meta‐analyses as well as reviews on the effect of host plant diversity on infectious diseases (Keesing et al , , Mitchell and Power , Ostfeld and Keesing , Civitello et al , Young et al ). The search terms picked up a large number of papers that were unsuitable for our topic, including: 1) diseases in a single host plant; 2) molecular mechanism of plant diseases; 3) how diseases affect ecosystem function and plant community; 4) soil microorganisms; 5) agricultural disease impact and control.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dilution effect of plant diversity on infectious diseases: latitudinal trend and biological context dependence

Liu

Chen

et al. 2020

Oikos

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Biodiversity is thought to help regulate the impacts of disease through the dilution effect, where biodiversity among potential host species helps limit the impacts of pathogens. However, our knowledge is fragmentary about the direction and magnitude of the effects of plant species richness on disease impact. Here, we gathered data from 145 comparisons presented in 21 papers to conduct a systematic meta‐analysis on the effect of plant species richness on aboveground plant disease impact. We estimated the effect size using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) with Fisher's z‐transformation. We evaluated how the magnitude of effect size varies between systems, including ecosystem type (grassland versus forest), pathogen taxon (virus versus fungus), study design (observational versus manipulative), parasite life history (biotroph versus necrotroph) and kinds of symptoms associated with the disease. We also tested whether there was a latitudinal trend of the effect size. We found there was a significant overall dilution effect in plant communities, but the magnitude varied among systems. Studies based on manipulative experiments and those in grassland ecosystems showed a significant dilution effect, as did both viral and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, obligate biotrophic pathogens but not necrotrophs showed a significant dilution effect. Diseases with different kinds of symptom manifestation differed, but not in a consistent pattern to the life history of the pathogens. The dilution effect was notably stronger at lower latitudes in the mid‐temperate region than at higher latitudes. This latitudinal trend existed in forest ecosystems, both observational and manipulative experiments, and necrotrophs. Dilution effects occur prevalently in plant communities, although the magnitude depends on ecosystem type, pathogen life history and kinds of symptoms associated with the disease. In conclusion, this study shows the importance of preserving the biodiversity of plants for maintaining ecosystem health.

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Introduced Species, Disease Ecology, and Biodiversity–Disease Relationships

Cited by 150 publications

References 95 publications

Behavioral and Immunological Features Promoting the Invasive Performance of the Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis

Behavioral and Immunological Features Promoting the Invasive Performance of the Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis

Climate, host phylogeny and the connectivity of host communities govern regional parasite assembly

Dilution effect of plant diversity on infectious diseases: latitudinal trend and biological context dependence

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