Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterial assortments: a short review on the physical principles, X-ray imageability, and state-of-the-art developments

Sneha, K.; Sailaja, G. S.

doi:10.1039/d1tb01513c

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 210 publications

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“… Schematics of different interactions of X-rays with matter: the photoelectric effect (PEE), Compton effect (CE), and Rayleigh effect (RE) (λ is the wavelength of the X-ray). Adapted from [ 33 ] with permission from RSC. …”

Section: Principle and Physics Of Radiopacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For computed tomography, the quantification of radiopacity is expressed in values called Hounsfield Units (HU), in honor of the engineer Godfrey Hounsfield, the inventor of computed tomography. The HU of a material is the linear attenuation coefficient (m) normalized to that of distilled water, and at standard temperature and pressure, water and air are given a value of 0 and 1000 HU, respectively [ 33 ]. While quantitative measurements of radiopacity are possible from these imaging modalities, the extent of a material’s attenuation capability can be well-understood only from its X-ray images [ 38 , 40 ].…”

Section: Principle and Physics Of Radiopacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adaptation of these materials into the anatomical structure of the mouth is analyzed by X-ray radiography to evaluate their function for long durations. Radiopaque components are usually added to these devices—some are made from bioceramics—to improve their radiopacity without compromising the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and aesthetics [ 33 ].…”

Section: Applications: a Short Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics

et al. 2022

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Radiopacity is sometimes an essential characteristic of biomaterials that can help clinicians perform follow-ups during pre- and post-interventional radiological imaging. Due to their chemical composition and structure, most bioceramics are inherently radiopaque but can still be doped/mixed with radiopacifiers to increase their visualization during or after medical procedures. The radiopacifiers are frequently heavy elements of the periodic table, such as Bi, Zr, Sr, Ba, Ta, Zn, Y, etc., or their relevant compounds that can confer enhanced radiopacity. Radiopaque bioceramics are also intriguing additives for biopolymers and hybrids, which are extensively researched and developed nowadays for various biomedical setups. The present work aims to provide an overview of radiopaque bioceramics, specifically crystalline, non-crystalline (glassy), and nanostructured bioceramics designed for applications in orthopedics, dentistry, and cancer therapy. Furthermore, the modification of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of parent ceramics/biopolymers due to the addition of radiopacifiers is critically discussed. We also point out future research lacunas in this exciting field that bioceramists can explore further.

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Section: Principle and Physics Of Radiopacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Principle and Physics Of Radiopacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications: a Short Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics

et al. 2022

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“…The methodologies to fabricate biodegradable radiopaque polymers 34,35 can be divided into chemical synthesis and physical composite. Following the first methodology, one tried to modify a polymer with covalently bonded iodine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methodologies to fabricate biodegradable radiopaque polymers , can be divided into chemical synthesis and physical composite. Following the first methodology, one tried to modify a polymer with covalently bonded iodine. − Though a chemical method can provide a biodegradable radiopaque polymer with good stability, the possible in vivo toxicity and complex preparation process hinders its practical application in medical implants to some extent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Facile Composite Strategy to Prepare a Biodegradable Polymer Based Radiopaque Raw Material for “Visualizable” Biomedical Implants

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Enabling a biodegradable polymer radiopaque under X-ray is much desired for many medical devices. Physical blending of a present biodegradable polymer and a commercialized medical contrast agent is convenient yet lacks comprehensive fundamental research. Herein, we prepared a biodegradable polymer-based radiopaque raw material by blending poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA or simply PLA) and iohexol (IHX), where PLA constituted the continuous phase and IHX particles served as the dispersed phase. The strong X-ray adsorption of IHX enabled the composite radiopaque; the hydrolysis of the polyester and the water solubility of the contrast agent enabled the composite biodegradable in an aqueous medium. The idea was confirmed by in vitro characterizations of the resultant composite, in vivo subcutaneous implantation in rats up to 6 months, and the clear visualization of a part of a biodegradable occluder in a Bama piglet under X-ray. We also found that the crystallization of PLA was significantly enhanced in the presence of the solid particles, which should be taken into consideration in the design of an appropriate biomaterial composite because crystallization degree influences the biodegradation rate and mechanical property of a material to a large extent. We further tried to introduce a small amount of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) into the blend of PLA and IHX. Compared to the bicomponent composite, the tricomponent one exhibited decreased modulus and increased elongation at break and tensile strength. This paves more ways for researchers to select appropriate raw materials according to the regenerated tissue and the application site.

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Device Design and Advanced Computed Tomography of 3D Printed Radiopaque Composite Scaffolds and Meniscus

Delemeester,

Pawelec,

Hix

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Abstract3D‐printed biomaterial implants are revolutionizing personalized medicine for tissue repair, especially in orthopedics. In this study, a radiopaque bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) doped polycaprolactone (PCL) composite is developed and implemented to enable the use of diagnostic X‐ray technologies, especially spectral photon counting X‐ray computed tomography (SPCCT), for comprehensive tissue engineering scaffold (TES) monitoring. PCL filament with homogeneous Bi2O3 nanoparticle (NP) dispersion (0.8 to 11.7 wt%) is first fabricated. TES are then 3D printed with the composite filament, optimizing printing parameters for small features and severely overhung geometries. These composite TES are characterized via micro‐computed tomography (µCT), tensile testing, and a cytocompatibility study, with 2 wt% Bi2O3 NPs providing improved tensile properties, equivalent cytocompatibility to neat PCL, and excellent radiographic distinguishability. Radiographic performance is validated in situ by imaging 4 and 7 wt% Bi2O3 doped PCL TES in a mouse model with µCT, showing excellent agreement with in vitro measurements. Subsequently, CT image‐derived swine menisci are 3D printed with composite filament and re‐implanted in corresponding swine legs ex vivo. Re‐imaging the swine legs via clinical CT allows facile identification of device location and alignment. Finally, the emergent technology of SPCCT unambiguously distinguishes the implanted meniscus in situ via color K‐edge imaging.

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Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterial assortments: a short review on the physical principles, X-ray imageability, and state-of-the-art developments

Abstract: X-ray attenuation ability, otherwise known as radiopacity of a material could be indisputably tagged as the central and decisive parameter that produces contrast in an X-ray image. Radiopaque biomaterials are...

Cited by 28 publications

References 210 publications

Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics

Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics

A Facile Composite Strategy to Prepare a Biodegradable Polymer Based Radiopaque Raw Material for “Visualizable” Biomedical Implants

Device Design and Advanced Computed Tomography of 3D Printed Radiopaque Composite Scaffolds and Meniscus

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