Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Münch, Mirjam; Kawasaki, Aki

doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32835c5e78

Cited by 41 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Recent findings in rodents and primates suggest that the pupillary light reflex is driven by intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells which, unlike any other retinal ganglion cell class, are themselves photosensitive (Figure 12) (32, 72, 107, 129, 142, 221, 245, 256). The intrinsic photoresponse of ipRGCs is mediated by the photopigment melanopsin (130, 301–303), and is well fitted by a single pigment absorbance spectrum centered at 482 nm (72, 96, 143, 303).…”

Section: Autonomic Control Of the Pupilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Control of the Eye

McDougal

Gamlin

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

333

369

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The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.

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Section: Autonomic Control Of the Pupilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Control of the Eye

McDougal

Gamlin

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

333

369

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“…The photopigment melanopsin is contained in the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells [13]. Melanopic light effects comprise a variety of physiological and behavioral functions, and they vary with time of day, previous light history, exposure duration, and the spectral composition of light [13,14,15,16,17,18]. The effects of light history lead to stronger or weaker effects in response to light on the same or the next day, demonstrated by melatonin secretion, subjective alertness, and cognitive performance [19,20,21,22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue-Enriched Morning Light as a Countermeasure to Light at the Wrong Time: Effects on Cognition, Sleepiness, Sleep, and Circadian Phase

Münch

Nowozin²,

Regente³

et al. 2016

Neuropsychobiology

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Light during the day and darkness at night are crucial factors for proper entrainment of the human circadian system to the solar 24-h day. However, modern life and work styles have led to much more time spent indoors, often with lower daytime and higher evening/nighttime light intensity from electrical lighting than outdoors. Whether this has long-term consequences for human health is being currently investigated. We tested if bright blue-enriched morning light over several days could counteract the detrimental effects of inadequate daytime and evening lighting. In a seminaturalistic, within-between subject study design, 18 young participants were exposed to different lighting conditions on 3 evenings (blue-enriched, bright orange, or dim light), after exposure to 2 lighting conditions (mixed blue-enriched light and control light, for 3 days each) in the mornings. Subjective sleepiness, reaction times, salivary melatonin concentrations, and nighttime sleep were assessed. Exposure to the blue-enriched morning lighting showed acute wake-promoting effects and faster reaction times than with control lighting. Some of these effects persisted until the evening, and performance improved over several days. The magnitude of circadian phase shifts induced by combinations of 3 different evening and 2 morning lighting conditions were significantly smaller with the blue-enriched morning light. During the night, participants had longer total sleep times after orange light exposure than after blue light exposure in the evening. Our results indicate that bright blue-enriched morning light stabilizes circadian phase, and it could be an effective counterstrategy for poor lighting during the day and also light exposure at the wrong time, such as in the late evening.

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“…In mammals, the photoperiodic time measurement system consists of the retina with light-sensitive, melanopsin-containing ganglion cells [1, 2], the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with neurons showing spontaneous, circadian expression of clock genes [3, 4], and the pineal gland with pinealocytes transducing the neuronal signal from SCN into the hormonal code-melatonin [4, 5]. The diurnal rhythm of melatonin secretion, with elevated level at night, provides all cells of the body with information about the time of day and the season [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenergic Activation of Melatonin Secretion in Ovine Pineal Explants in Short-Term Superfusion Culture Occurs via Protein Synthesis Independent and Dependent Phenomena

Lewczuk

Ziółkowska

Prusik

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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The ovine pineal is generally considered as an interesting model for the study on adrenergic regulation of melatonin secretion due to some functional similarities with this gland in the human. The present investigations, performed in the superfusion culture of pineal explants, demonstrated that the norepinephrine-induced elevation of melatonin secretion in ovine pinealocytes comprised of two subsequent periods: a rapid increase phase and a slow increase phase. The first one included the quick rise in release of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin, occurring parallel to elevation of NE concentration in the medium surrounding explants. This rapid increase phase was not affected by inhibition of translation. The second, slow increase phase began after NE level had reached the maximum concentration in the culture medium and lasted about two hours. It was completely abolished by the treatment with translation inhibitors. The obtained results showed for the first time that the regulation of N-acetylserotonin synthesis in pinealocytes of some species like the sheep involves the on/off mechanism, which is completely independent of protein synthesis and works very fast. They provided strong evidence pointing to the need of revision of the current opinion that arylalkylamines N-acetyltransferase activity in pinealocytes is controlled exclusively by changes in enzyme abundance.

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Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Abstract: This review summarizes current concepts related to ipRGC morphology, central connections and behavioural functions and highlights recent studies having clinical relevance to ipRGCs. Clinical implications of the melanopsin system are widespread, particularly as related to chronobiology.

Cited by 41 publications

References 93 publications

Autonomic Control of the Eye

Autonomic Control of the Eye

Blue-Enriched Morning Light as a Countermeasure to Light at the Wrong Time: Effects on Cognition, Sleepiness, Sleep, and Circadian Phase

Adrenergic Activation of Melatonin Secretion in Ovine Pineal Explants in Short-Term Superfusion Culture Occurs via Protein Synthesis Independent and Dependent Phenomena

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