pin is attached to a torque meter which is placed in the center of a cylindrical panorama. [7] In this flight simulator, the fly experiences a stationary "flight" while the outside world can be adjusted according to the movements recorded by the torque meter. Importantly, this technique can be combined with a cranial window to allow optogenetic stimulation or recording of neuronal activity using genetically encoded sensors.However, the technical challenges of the above methodology prohibit analysis of many animals at the same time. Therefore, slower moving animals such as Drosophila larvae are a well-suited alternative to study locomotion. Mated flies deposit fertilized eggs on the substrate and first instar larvae hatch. They feed on the surface and after one day the second instar is able to start digging into the substrate. To ensure constant air supply, larvae do not dig deeper than one body length and only cooperative behavior in larger groups of larvae allows to reach deeper substrate levels without losing the contiguous air contact at the breathing posterior spiracles. [8][9][10] Thus, larval locomotion can be largely considered to occur in two dimensions.There are numerous published assays for examining larval locomotion which all face the problem of tracking a semi-translucent body on a light-reflective substrate. One approach to circumvent these problems is to feed larvae colored dyes. Alternatively, sophisticated illumination protocols can be employed to increase contrast between larvae and substrate. Several computer-based tracking programs have been developed that can be used to extract larval locomotion from movies taken using CCD or even smartphone cameras. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] To obtain higher spatial and temporal resolution multispectral, high-speed, volumetric swept confocally aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy has been developed that is capable of analyzing neuronal dynamics during larval locomotion. [19,20] While the different imaging and analysis programs provide a large range of locomotor features and thus allow dissection of complex behavioral phenotypic traits, they lack the ability to track larvae in a larger habitat for a longer time to for example study social interactions or the analysis of rare phenotypes. Long term analysis of locomotor activity is possible but requires keeping the animals in very small containments which restricts possibilities to address the individual behavior. Animals kept in isolation in small and closed containments can be visualized throughout all three larval stages. [21] The correspondingly developed PEDtracker [21] is able to determine the molting time points, but is not able Animal behavior is reflected by locomotor patterns. To decipher the underlying neural circuitry locomotion has to be monitored over often longer time periods. Here a simple adaptation is described to constrain movement of third instar Drosophila larvae to a defined area and use Frustrated total internal reflection based imaging method (FIM) imaging to monitor larva...