Intrinsic cardiac neurons of the adult pigs: chemical types, abundance, parameters and distribution within ganglionated plexus

Ragauskas, Tomas; Rysevaitė-Kyguolienė, Kristina; Pauziene, Neringa; Inokaitis, Hermanas; Dainius, Pauza H.

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151935

“…Our study confirmed that cholinergic neuronal somata predominate within intracardiac ganglia of all species, although nitrergic, adrenergic, as well as cholinergic biphenotypic nitrergic and cholinergic biphenotypic adrenergic neuronal somata were also observed in hearts of the rabbits, pigs (Pauziene et al, 2016(Pauziene et al, , 2017Tomas et al, 2022) humans, rhesus monkeys (Hoover et al, 2009;Weihe et al, 2005) and mouse (Rysevaite et al, 2011). In the rat intracardiac ganglia, however, only cholinergic neuronal somata and in part cholinergic biphenotypic nitrergic ones have been identified so far.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Neurochemical alterations of intrinsic cardiac ganglionated nerve plexus caused by arterial hypertension developed during ageing in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats

Paužienė

¹

,

Ranceviene

²

,

Rysevaitė-Kyguolienė

³

et al. 2023

Journal of Anatomy

0

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The acknowledged hypothesis of the cause of arterial hypertension is the emerging disbalance in sympathetic and parasympathetic regulations of the cardiovascular system. This disbalance manifests in a disorder of sustainability of endogenous autonomic and sensory neural substances including calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). This study aimed to examine neurochemical alterations of intrinsic cardiac ganglionated nerve plexus (GP) triggered by arterial hypertension during ageing in spontaneously hypertensive rats of juvenile (prehypertensive, 8–9 weeks), adult (early hypertensive, 12–18 weeks) and elderly (persistent hypertensive, 46–60 weeks) age in comparison with the age‐matched Wistar–Kyoto rats as controls. Parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory neural structures of GP were analysed and evaluated morphometrically in tissue sections and whole‐mount cardiac preparations. Both the elevated blood pressure and the evident ultrasonic signs of heart failure were identified for spontaneously hypertensive rats and in part for the aged control rats. The amount of adrenergic and immunoreactive to CGRP neural structures was increased in the adult group of spontaneously hypertensive rats along with the significant alterations that occurred during ageing. In conclusion, the revealed chemical alterations of GP support the hypothesis about the possible disbalance of efferent and afferent heart innervation and may be considered as the basis for the emergence and progression of arterial hypertension and perhaps even as a consequence of hypertension in the aged spontaneously hypertensive rats. The determined anatomical changes in the ageing Wistar–Kyoto rats suggest this breed being as inappropriate for its use as control animals for hypertension studies in older animal age.

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“…Cholinergic cardiac neurons may also exhibt immunoreactivity for nitric oxide, i.e. such cholinergic neurons should be considered biphenotypic nitrergic [46,47]. This feature of producing and perhaps releasing both neurotransmitters is most interesting and needs further investigation [36; 48].…”

Section: The Cardiac Neuromodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Psychostasis to the Discovery of Cardiac Nerves: the Origins of the Modern Cardiac Neuromodulation Concept

Paradiso,

Pauza,

Limbaeck

et al. 2024

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In ancient Egyptian religion, psychostasis was the ceremony in which the deceased was judged before gaining access to the afterlife. This ritual was also known as the "weighing of the heart" or "weighing of the soul." The Egyptians believed that the heart, not the brain, was the seat of human wisdom, emotions, and memory. They were the first to recognize the cardiocentric nature of the body, identifying the heart as the center of the circulatory system. Aristotle (fourth century BC) considered the importance of the heart in human physiology in his philosophical analyses. For Galen (third century AD), the heart muscle was the site of the vital spirit, which regulated body temperature. Cardiology knowledge advanced significantly in the 15th century, coinciding with Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius's pioneering anatomical and physiological studies. It was William Harvey, in the 17th century, who introduced the concept of cardiac circulation. Servet's research and Marcello Malpighi's discovery of arterioles and capillaries provided a more detailed understanding of circulation. Richard Lower emerged as the foremost pioneer of experimental cardiology in the late 17th century. He demonstrated the heart's neural control by tying off the vagus nerve. In 1753, Albrecht von Haller, a professor at Göttingen, was the first to discover the heart's automaticity and the excitation of muscle fibers. Towards the end of the 18th century, Antonio Scarpa challenged the theories of Albrecht von Haller and Johann Bernhard Jacob Behrends, who maintained that the myocardium possessed its own "irritability," on which the heartbeat depended and was independent of neuronal sensitivity. Instead, Scarpa argued that the heart required innervation to maintain life, refuting Galenic notions. In contemporary times, the study of cardiac innervation has regained prominence, particularly in understanding the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), which frequently involves cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation of the intrinsic cardiac innervation. Recently, it has been recognized that post-acute sequelae of ARIs (acute respiratory infections) due to other pathogens can also be a cause of long-term vegetative and somatic symptoms. Understanding cardiac innervation and modulation can help to recognize and treat long COVID and long non-COVID-19 ARIs.

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“…Cholinergic cardiac neurons may also exhibt immunoreactivity for nitric oxide, i.e. such cholinergic neurons should be considered biphenotypic nitrergic [46,47]. This feature of producing and perhaps releasing both neurotransmitters is most interesting and needs further investigation [36,48].…”

Section: Most Ganglion Cells Utilize Acetylcholine As Their Primary T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Psychostasis to the Discovery of Cardiac Nerves: the Ori-gins of the Modern Cardiac Neuromodulation Concept

Paradiso,

Pauza,

Limbaeck

et al. 2024

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In ancient Egyptian religion, psychostasis was the ceremony in which the deceased was judged before gaining access to the afterlife. This ritual was also known as the "weighing of the heart" or "weighing of the soul." The Egyptians believed that the heart, not the brain, was the seat of human wisdom, emotions, and memory. They were the first to recognize the cardiocentric nature of the body, identifying the heart as the center of the circulatory system. Aristotle (fourth century BC) considered the importance of the heart in human physiology in his philosophical analyses. For Galen (third century AD), the heart muscle was the site of the vital spirit, which regulated body temperature. Cardiology knowledge advanced significantly in the 15th century, coinciding with Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius's pioneering anatomical and physiological studies. It was William Harvey, in the 17th century, who introduced the concept of cardiac circulation. Servet's research and Marcello Malpighi's discovery of arterioles and capillaries provided a more detailed understanding of circulation. Richard Lower emerged as the foremost pioneer of experimental cardiology in the late 17th century. He demonstrated the heart's neural control by tying off the vagus nerve. In 1753, Albrecht von Haller, a professor at Göttingen, was the first to discover the heart's automaticity and the excitation of muscle fibers. Towards the end of the 18th century, Antonio Scarpa challenged the theories of Albrecht von Haller and Johann Bernhard Jacob Behrends, who maintained that the myocardium possessed its own "irritability," on which the heartbeat depended and was independent of neuronal sensitivity. Instead, Scarpa argued that the heart required innervation to maintain life, refuting Galenic notions. In contemporary times, the study of cardiac innervation has regained prominence, particularly in understanding the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), which frequently involves cardiorespiratory symptoms and dysregulation of the intrinsic cardiac innervation. Recently, it has been recognized that post-acute sequelae of ARIs (acute respiratory infections) due to other pathogens can also be a cause of long-term vegetative and somatic symptoms. Understanding cardiac innervation and modulation can help to recognize and treat long COVID and long non-COVID-19 ARIs.

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Intrinsic cardiac neurons of the adult pigs: chemical types, abundance, parameters and distribution within ganglionated plexus

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Neurochemical alterations of intrinsic cardiac ganglionated nerve plexus caused by arterial hypertension developed during ageing in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats

Neurochemical alterations of intrinsic cardiac ganglionated nerve plexus caused by arterial hypertension developed during ageing in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats

From Psychostasis to the Discovery of Cardiac Nerves: the Origins of the Modern Cardiac Neuromodulation Concept

From Psychostasis to the Discovery of Cardiac Nerves: the Ori-gins of the Modern Cardiac Neuromodulation Concept

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