“…In order to resolve this problem, a dorsal skin chamber window based on surgical operation was developed, which has been widely used in tumor studies and pharmacokinetics , etc. It was well known that surgical operations were always accompanied with bleeding and changes of the normal physiological environment during process of model establishment . Recently, the rapidly developed tissue optical clearing (TOC) technique provides an alternative solution through topical application of optical clearing agents (OCAs) on the dorsal skin, which demonstrated its powerful capacity in optimizing the imaging performances, including the imaging depth, resolution, contrast and sensitivity, of various optical imaging modalities, e. g. laser speckle contrast imaging , photoacoustic microscopy , optical coherence tomography , confocal microscopy , two‐photon microscopy and flow cytometry , etc.…”