Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the uterus: A clinicopathological analysis of nine cases and literature review

Abstract

If complete surgical resection is not possible, partial resection followed by hormone therapy using gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists is recommended, which in this study achieved the same favorable prognosis with regard to remission.

Combined transthoracic echocardiography and contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography to trace intravenous leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension

“…The present results agreed with the ones in the literature that there was a link between IVL and uterine leiomyomas, though removal of the uterus does not always eliminate the possibility of this disease. 6 We found the primary lesion of IVL with intracardiac extension mainly distributed in the right adnexa (75%).…”

“…Histologically, IVL resembles typical benign uterine leiomyomas at both the gross and microscopic levels, but with atypical aggressive growth and expansion . It has led to controversy regarding their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment …”

“…It affects predominantly premenopausal women when they are about forties, and this study also found it was seen mostly in premenopausal women, although one postmenopausal woman experienced this lesion. The present results agreed with the ones in the literature that there was a link between IVL and uterine leiomyomas, though removal of the uterus does not always eliminate the possibility of this disease . We found the primary lesion of IVL with intracardiac extension mainly distributed in the right adnexa (75%).…”

“…Histologically, IVL resembles typical benign uterine leiomyomas at both the gross and microscopic levels, but with atypical aggressive growth and expansion. 2,6 It has led to controversy regarding their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. 7,8 In such patients, who are IVL with intracardiac extension, it may be misdiagnosed and treated improperly because these patients usually present only cardiac symptoms.…”

Intravenous leiomyomatosis without extrapelvic involvement

“…Because in its early stages IVL can be asymptomatic, or its clinical features can overlap those of myomatous uterus (hypermenorrhoea, pelvic discomfort, pelvic mass), it can be underdiagnosed or diagnosed after cardiac/vascular involvement 2–5. Complete resection of all existing tumours is the adequate treatment for IVL, with total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy being recommended to treat pelvic disease 2 4 6. Bilateral oophorectomy is controversial if the disease is confined to the uterus in <40-year-old women 7.…”