Intravascular Ultrasound Doppler Measurement of Blood Flow Velocity

Schumacher, Martin; Yin, Long; Swaid, S.; Oldenburger, J.; Gilsbach, J.; Hetzel, Andreas

doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2001.tb00042.x

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The lumen dimensions and the morphological information about the arterial wall provided by IVUS imaging can be used to demonstrate the presence and extent of atherosclerosis and arterial calcification [2]–[4]. The radio frequency (RF) A-scan signals acquired with IVUS can be processed to measure the blood velocity for stenosis severity analysis [5]–[7]. Despite the unique value of IVUS imaging in clinical cardiology, this imaging modality is not considered a comprehensive diagnostic tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An FPGA-Based Backend System for Intravascular Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging

Sanders

Zhang

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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The integration of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging produces an imaging modality with high sensitivity and specificity which is particularly needed in interventional cardiology. Conventional side-looking IVUS imaging with a single-element ultrasound (US) transducer lacks forward-viewing capability, which limits the application of this imaging mode in intravascular intervention guidance, Doppler-based flow measurement, and visualization of nearly or totally blocked arteries. For both side-looking and forward-looking imaging, the necessity to mechanically scan the US transducer limits the imaging frame rate, and therefore array-based solutions are desired. In this paper, we present a low-cost, compact, high-speed, and programmable imaging system based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) suitable for dual-mode forward-looking IVUS/IVPA imaging. The system has 16 US transmit and receive channels and functions in multiple modes including interleaved photoacoustic (PA) and US imaging, hardware-based high-frame-rate US imaging, software-driven US imaging, and velocity measurement. The system is implemented in the register-transfer level, and the central system controller is implemented as a finite state machine. The system was tested with a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array. A 170-frames-per-second (FPS) US imaging frame rate is achieved in the hardware-based high-frame-rate US imaging mode while the interleaved PA and US imaging mode operates at a 60-FPS US and a laser-limited 20-FPS PA imaging frame rate. The performance of the system benefits from the flexibility and efficiency provided by low-level implementation. The resulting system provides a convenient backend platform for research and clinical IVPA and IVUS imaging.

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