Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women's susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms

Myer, Landon; Kuhn, Louise; Stein, Zena; Denny, Lynette

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70298-x

Cited by 172 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Over the past few decades, specifically in the developing nations, women have represented the fastest growing demographic of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic. Reports in the literature suggest that biological and socioeconomic vulnerability makes women at higher risk for HIV (3,4). The current methods of preventing HIV infection, such as abstinence, condoms, and monogamy, are frequently ineffective and often outside a woman's control (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Innovative Two-Polymer (SR-2P) Bioadhesive Vaginal Gel

2014

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The main objective of this investigation was to study the feasibility of developing a vaginal bioadhesive microbicide using a SRI's proprietary two-polymer gel platform (SR-2P). Several formulations were prepared with different combinations of temperature-sensitive polymer (Pluronic® F-127) and mucoadhesive polymer (Noveon® AA-1), producing gels of different characteristics. Prototype polymeric gels were evaluated for pH, osmolality, buffering capacity, and viscosity under simulated vaginal semen dilutions, and bioadhesivity using ex vivo mini pig vaginal tissues and texture analyzer. The pH of the polymeric gel formulations ranged from 5.1 to 6.4; the osmolality varied from 13 to 173 mOsm. Absolute viscosity ranged from 513 to 3,780 cPs, and was significantly reduced (1.5-to 3-fold) upon incubation with simulated vaginal and semen fluid mixture. Among the tested gels (indicated in the middle row as a molar ratio of a mixture of Noveon vs. Pluronic), only SR-2P retained gel structure upon dilution with simulated fluids and mild simulated coital stress. The pH of the SR-2P gel was maintained at about 4.6 in simulated vaginal fluid and also showed high peak force of adhesion in mini pig vaginal tissue. Furthermore, SR-2P gel caused no or only minimal irritation in a mouse vaginal irritation model. The results of this preliminary study demonstrated the potential application of SR-2P gel as a vaginal microbicide vehicle for delivery of anti-HIV agents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Innovative Two-Polymer (SR-2P) Bioadhesive Vaginal Gel

2014

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“…Both inflammatory and ulcerative sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as well as bacterial vaginosis have been shown to be cofactors that enhance HIV-1 transmission (44,47,83,111). There are at least three mechanisms to account for this.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Receptor Signaling Inhibits HIV-1 Replication in Macrophages through Multipletrans-Repression Mechanisms

Hanley

Viglianti

2011

J Virol

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“…This dynamic microbial community plays a pivotal role in preventing colonization by undesirable organisms, including those responsible for bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis (CA), urinary tract infections, aerobic vaginitis, and sexually transmitted diseases (15,20,29,32,39). In women of childbearing age, the vaginal ecosystem is dominated by Lactobacillus spp., but a diverse array of other bacteria can be present in much lower numbers (24,25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Vaginal Bacterial Communities in Women Developing Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidiasis, or No Infection, Analyzed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR

Vitali

Pugliese

Biagi

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

108

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The microbial flora of the vagina plays a major role in preventing genital infections, including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis (CA). An integrated approach based on PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and real-time PCR was used to study the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients developing BV and CA. Universal eubacterial primers and Lactobacillus genus-specific primers, both targeted at 16S rRNA genes, were used in DGGE and real-time PCR analysis, respectively. The DGGE profiles revealed that the vaginal flora was dominated by Lactobacillus species under healthy conditions, whereas several potentially pathogenic bacteria were present in the flora of women with BV. Lactobacilli were the predominant bacterial population in the vagina for patients affected by CA, but changes in the composition of Lactobacillus species were observed. Real-time PCR analysis allowed the quantitative estimation of variations in lactobacilli associated with BV and CA diseases. A statistically significant decrease in the relative abundance of lactobacilli was found in vaginal fluids of patients with BV compared to the relative abundance of lactobacilli in the vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients with CA.

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Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women's susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms

Cited by 172 publications

References 82 publications

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Innovative Two-Polymer (SR-2P) Bioadhesive Vaginal Gel

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Innovative Two-Polymer (SR-2P) Bioadhesive Vaginal Gel

Nuclear Receptor Signaling Inhibits HIV-1 Replication in Macrophages through Multipletrans-Repression Mechanisms

Dynamics of Vaginal Bacterial Communities in Women Developing Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidiasis, or No Infection, Analyzed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR

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