Intraspecific variation in the petal epidermal cell morphology of Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae)

Bailes, Emily J.; Glover, Beverley J.

doi:10.1016/j.flora.2018.06.005

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(62 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The microlenses of super black cuticle in peacock spiders bear a striking resemblance to anti-reflective surface ornamentation that enhances absorption and reduces specular reflectance in other organisms—including flower petals [56–59], tropical shade plant leaves [60], light-sensitive brittlestar arms [61] and ommatidea in moth eyes [62]. For example, in flowers, conical cells focus incident light and scatter reflected or re-emitted light [63] to produce a velvety coloured appearance and enhance light absorption by the pigment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders

McCoy

Mandsberg

et al. 2019

Proc. R. Soc. B.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Male peacock spiders ( Maratus , Salticidae) compete to attract female mates using elaborate, sexually selected displays. They evolved both brilliant colour and velvety black. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy, hyperspectral imaging and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling to investigate the deep black surfaces of peacock spiders. We found that super black regions reflect less than 0.5% of light (for a 30° collection angle) in Maratus speciosus (0.44%) and Maratus karrie (0.35%) owing to microscale structures. Both species evolved unusually high, tightly packed cuticular bumps (microlens arrays), and M. karrie has an additional dense covering of black brush-like scales atop the cuticle. Our optical models show that the radius and height of spider microlenses achieve a balance between (i) decreased surface reflectance and (ii) enhanced melanin absorption (through multiple scattering, diffraction out of the acceptance cone of female eyes and increased path length of light through absorbing melanin pigments). The birds of paradise (Paradiseidae), ecological analogues of peacock spiders, also evolved super black near bright colour patches. Super black locally eliminates white specular highlights, reference points used to calibrate colour perception, making nearby colours appear brighter, even luminous, to vertebrates. We propose that this pre-existing, qualitative sensory experience—‘sensory bias’—is also found in spiders, leading to the convergent evolution of super black for mating displays in jumping spiders.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders

McCoy

Mandsberg

et al. 2019

Proc. R. Soc. B.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our approach, using RT-qPCR and UPLC-MS/MS, was successful in determining the probable causes of the floral color shifts between red- and/or pink- and white- or yellow flowered species. RT-qPCR and UPLC-MS/MS could not distinguish between pink- and red flowered species, likely due a combination of factors: it may well be that the shift between pink- and red flowers is due to a minor shift in anthocyanin intensity (Grotewold, 2006), a modification of the anthocyanin pigment with covalent metal ions (Akbari et al, 2012; Akbari et al, 2013), changes in vacuolar pH (Akbari et al, 2012; Akbari et al, 2013) or even cell shape (Kay et al, 1981; Noda et al, 1994; Bailes and Glover, 2018), or even the influence of other pigments, such as carotenoids (Tanaka et al, 2008), that might yet be detected in species of Erica .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Color, Anthocyanin Synthesis Gene Expression and Control in Cape Erica Species

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is a biodiversity hotspot, recognized globally for its unusually high levels of endemism. The origins of this biodiversity are a long-standing topic of research. The largest “Cape clade,” Erica, radiated dramatically in the CFR, its ca. 690 species arising within 10–15 Ma. Notable between- and within-species flower color variation in Erica may have contributed to the origins of species diversity through its impact on pollinator efficiency and specificity.Methods: We investigate the expression and function of the genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that controls floral color in 12 Erica species groups using RT-qPCR and UPLC-MS/MS.Results: Shifts from ancestral pink- or red- to white- and/or yellow flowers were associated with independent losses of single pathway gene expression, abrogation of the entire pathway due to loss of the expression of a transcription factor or loss of function mutations in pathway genes.Discussion: Striking floral color shifts are prevalent amongst the numerous species of Cape Erica. These results show independent origins of a palette of mutations leading to such shifts, revealing the diverse genetic basis for potentially rapid evolution of a speciation-relevant trait.

show abstract

“…To reveal the surface structure of GECs and BECs, we next performed SEM analysis. Recently, Bailes and Glover classified the protruding parts of epidermal cell morphology of Vicia faba L. by perimeter shape, projection, and cell surface micromorphology [25]. According to their classification method, perimeter shape, projection, and cell surface micromorphology of GECs and BECs were categorized into papillose, conical and striate, respectively (Fig 1M-1O).…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and cytological observations of corolla green spots reveal the presence of functional chloroplasts in Japanese gentian

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gentian is an important ornamental flower in Japan. The corolla of the majority of cultivated Japanese gentians have green spots, which are rarely encountered in flowers of other angiosperms. Little information is available on the functional traits of the green spots. In this study, we characterized the green spots in the Japanese gentian corolla using a number of microscopic techniques. Opto-digital microscopy revealed that a single visible green spot is composed of approximately 100 epidermal cells. The epidermal cells of a green spot formed a dome-like structure and the cell lumen contained many green structures that were granular and approximately 5 μm in diameter. The green structures emitted red autofluorescence when irradiated with 488 nm excitation light. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the green structures contained typical thylakoids and grana, thus indicating they are chloroplasts. No grana were observed and the thylakoids had collapsed in the plastids of epidermal cells surrounding green spots. To estimate the rate of photosynthetic electron transfer of the green spots, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence using the MICROSCOPY version of an Imaging-PAM (pulse-amplitude-modulated) fluorometer. Under actinic light of 449 μmol m −2 s −1 , substantial electron flow through photosystem II was observed. Observation of green spot formation during corolla development revealed that immature green spots formed at an early bud stage and developed to maturity associated with chloroplast degradation in the surrounding epidermal cells. These results confirmed that the Japanese gentian corolla contains functional chloroplasts in restricted areas of epidermal cells and indicated that a sophisticated program for differential regulation of chloroplast formation and degradation is operative in the epidermis.

show abstract

Intraspecific variation in the petal epidermal cell morphology of Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae)

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders

Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders

Floral Color, Anthocyanin Synthesis Gene Expression and Control in Cape Erica Species

Morphological and cytological observations of corolla green spots reveal the presence of functional chloroplasts in Japanese gentian

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About