Intraspecific variability in Karlodinium veneficum: Growth rates, mixotrophy, and lipid composition

Calbet, Albert; Bertos, Mireia; Fuentes-Grünewald, Claudio; Alacid, Elisabet; Figueroa, Rosa Isabel; Renom, Berta; Garcés, Esther

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2011.05.001

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The widespread species K. veneficum represents one of the most problematic and well-studied toxic bloom-forming microalgae known (Garcés et al, 2006;Place et al, 2008;Mooney et al, 2009;Calbet et al, 2011) and has been recognised for its ichtyotoxicity (toxic to fish) since the 1950s (Braarud, 1957). Several aspects of its biology (Adolf et al, 2008), toxins (Deeds et al, 2002;Van Wagoner et al, 2010) and harmful effects on fish (Nielsen, 1993) have been described in detail and were recently reviewed (Place et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine microalgae attack and feed on metazoans

et al. 2012

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Free-living microalgae from the dinoflagellate genus Karlodinium are known to form massive blooms in eutrophic coastal waters worldwide and are often associated with fish kills. Natural bloom populations, recently shown to consist of the two mixotrophic and toxic species Karlodinium armiger and Karlodinium veneficum have caused fast paralysis and mortality of finfish and copepods in the laboratory, and have been associated with reduced metazooplankton biomass in-situ. Here we show that a strain of K. armiger (K-0688) immobilises the common marine copepod Acartia tonsa in a densitydependent manner and collectively ingests the grazer to promote its own growth rate. In contrast, four strains of K. veneficum did not attack or affect the motility and survival of the copepods. Copepod immobilisation by the K. armiger strain was fast (within 15 min) and caused by attacks of swarming cells, likely through the transfer and action of a highly potent but uncharacterised neurotoxin. The copepods grazed and reproduced on a diet of K. armiger at densities below 1000 cells ml, but above 3500 cells ml À 1 the mixotrophic dinoflagellates immobilised, fed on and killed the copepods. Switching the trophic role of the microalgae from prey to predator of copepods couples population growth to reduced grazing pressure, promoting the persistence of blooms at high densities. K. armiger also fed on three other metazoan organisms offered, suggesting that active predation by mixotrophic dinoflagellates may be directly involved in causing mortalities at several trophic levels in the marine food web.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine microalgae attack and feed on metazoans

et al. 2012

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“…Deeds et al, 2004;Adolf et al, 2007;Place et al, 2008;Bachvaroff et al, 2009) and accepted (e.g. Calbet et al, 2011). Like the characterization of PfTxs by Moeller et al (2007), karlotoxins were purified from xenic K. veneficum: ''The toxins from K. veneficum, or karlotoxins (KmTxs), which have been implicated in fish kill events, have been purified from monoalgal cultures, and shown to possess hemolytic, cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic activities'' (Bacvaroff et al, 2008, p. 473).…”

Section: K Veneficummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As corrective information, the obligate phototroph K. veneficum has chloroplasts distributed throughout its cytoplasm, whereas Pfiesteria spp. lack chloroplasts unless temporarily mixotrophic; and if mixotrophic, the kleptochloroplasts are retained within a large food vacuole(s) (Lewitus et al, 1999a;Burkholder et al, 2001b;Glasgow et al, 2001a,b;Calbet et al, 2011;Gabrielsen et al, 2011). Thus, although K. veneficum is sometimes loosely referred to as ''pfiesteria-like,'' it can be clearly discerned from Pfiesteria spp.…”

Section: Misrepresentations and Misinterpretations Of Pfiesteria Resementioning

confidence: 99%

Toxigenic Pfiesteria species—Updates on biology, ecology, toxins, and impacts

Burkholder¹,

Marshall²

2012

Harmful Algae

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“…It is frequently present in relatively low cell abundance (10 2 – 10 3 cells·mL −1 ), but is capable of forming intense blooms of 10 4 – 10 5 cells·mL −1 that could cause severe aquatic faunal mortalities (Deeds et al 2002; Kempton et al 2002; Adolf et al, 2008). K. veneficum is a mixotrophic microalgae, living on both photosynthesis and phagotrophy (; Adolf et al, 2006b; Calbet et al, 2011). K. veneficum produces a unique suite of polyketide toxins called karlotoxins or KmTxs, with hemolytic, cytotoxic, and ichthyotoxic properties (Bachvaroff et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum (strain GM2) from the East China Sea

Cai

Zhou

et al. 2016

Harmful Algae

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The dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum is a harmful algal bloom species with a worldwide distribution. This small athecate dinoflagellate makes a family of polyketide toxins that are hemolytic, cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic. The first chemical structure for karlotoxins from East China Sea (ECS) is reported here. The two new karlotoxins, namely 4,5-dihydro-KmTx 2 (compound 1) and 4,5-dihydro-dechloro-KmTx 2 (compound 2), were isolated and purified from monoalgal cultures of K. veneficum strain GM2. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including tandem mass spectrometry as well as 1D and 2D NMR experiments. These new karlotoxin congeners feature a saturated polyol arm different from previously reported for KmTx 2 that appears to increase hemolytic activity.

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Intraspecific variability in Karlodinium veneficum: Growth rates, mixotrophy, and lipid composition

Cited by 59 publications

References 66 publications

Marine microalgae attack and feed on metazoans

Marine microalgae attack and feed on metazoans

Toxigenic Pfiesteria species—Updates on biology, ecology, toxins, and impacts

Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum (strain GM2) from the East China Sea

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