Intraspecific co-variation between egg and body size affects fertilisation kinetics of free-spawning marine invertebrates

Marshall, Dustin J.; Styan, Craig A.; Keough, Michael J.

doi:10.3354/meps195305

Cited by 73 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…We know of no other study on decapods that examined maternal influence on sibling size variation. However, Marshall et al (2000) found a similar effect of maternal size on variation in egg size within broods in the ascidian Pyura stolonifera. A recent study on the brown trout Salmo trutta L. found no effect of maternal size on sibling size variation (Gregersen et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Maternal influences on offspring size variation and viability in wild European lobster Homarus gammarus

Moland¹,

Olsen²,

Stenseth³

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In many marine species, large females tend to produce more robust offspring than small females. However, knowledge on maternal influences in decapod crustaceans is limited. This is unfortunate since many decapod populations are being intensively harvested and show signs of 'juvenescence', i.e. the loss of large (and presumably old) individuals. In this study, we quantified maternal influences in European lobster Homarus gammarus from Skagerrak, southern Norway. Historical lobster catches in Skagerrak were substantial but the stock has suffered a major decline over the past 30 to 40 yr and is currently red listed as near threatened according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) criteria. We studied eggs and larvae from wild-caught ovigerous females ranging in carapace length from 79 to 152 mm (n = 45). Mean egg size increased while sibling size variation decreased significantly with increasing maternal size. Mean larval size at hatching was closely linked to both maternal size and mean egg size. A laboratory experiment showed a weak but significant nonlinear increase in pelagic larval survival with increasing mean egg size in the absence of food. These findings suggest that maternal influences on offspring quality could be a significant source of variation in lobster recruitment. Consequently, maternal influences could be an important source of error in fisheries science and management if they are assumed to be absent or unimportant.KEY WORDS: Maternal effects · Decapoda · Sibling size variation · Egg size · Survival · Early life history Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Maternal influences on offspring size variation and viability in wild European lobster Homarus gammarus

Moland¹,

Olsen²,

Stenseth³

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…We harvested gametes using standard strip-spawning techniques (67). Briefly, we dissected the gonads from each individual into a Petri dish with a few drops of filtered sea water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamete plasticity in a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate

Crean

Marshall

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Sperm competition has classically been thought to maintain anisogamy (large eggs and smaller sperm) because males are thought to maximize their chance of winning fertilizations by trading sperm size for number. More recently it has been recognized that sperm quality (e.g., size, velocity) can also influence sperm competition, although studies have yielded conflicting results. Because sex evolved in the sea, debate has continued over the role of sperm competition and sperm environment in determining both sperm and egg size in externally fertilizing broadcast spawners. Remarkably, however, there have been no direct tests of whether broadcast spawners change the traits of their gametes depending on the likelihood of sperm competition. We manipulated the density (and thus, sperm environment) of a broadcast spawning ascidian (Styela plicata) in the field and then determined whether the phenotype of eggs and sperm changed. We found that sperm from adults kept at high density were larger and more motile than sperm from low-density adults. In vitro fertilizations revealed that sperm from high-density adults also lived longer and induced less polyspermy. Adult density also affected egg traits: eggs from high-density adults were smaller targets for sperm overall but produced larger ovicells than eggs from low-density adults. This suggests that broadcast spawning mothers balance (potentially conflicting) pre-and postzygotic selection pressures on egg size. Overall, our results suggest that sperm competition does not represent a strong force maintaining anisogamy in broadcast spawners. Instead, sperm limitation seems to select for large eggs and smaller, more numerous sperm.anisogamy ͉ sperm competition ͉ adaptive maternal effect ͉ transgenerational plasticity T he fundamental difference between the sexes is that males produce numerous, tiny sperm, and females produce relatively fewer, large eggs (anisogamy). Classic theory suggests that anisogamy most likely evolved by, and is maintained through, sperm competition (whereby sperm from 2 or more males compete to fertilize an egg) because males producing a greater number of sperm have a competitive advantage (refs. 1 and 2; but see ref. 3 for an alternative). In species with internal fertilization, competition for fertilizations can therefore be viewed as a ''raffle,'' whereby males that have the highest representation of sperm in the pool have the greatest chance of fertilizing eggs (4, 5). More recently, however, it has been proposed that sperm quality (e.g., sperm size, velocity, and longevity) can also influence the outcome of sperm competition (6, 7). Furthermore, because a male's sperm supply is limited (8, 9) and each mating opportunity may carry a variable risk of sperm competition (10), males must make decisions on the optimal allocation of both sperm number and quality for each mating event. The optimal allocation of sperm size and number within an ejaculate remains a source of intense debate (reviewed in refs. 7 and 9).The prediction that males should increase the ...

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“…Distinguishing among these alternative explanations is crucial given the importance of larval size to the post-metamorphic performance of individuals. Offspring size often shows wide population level variation, but whether this variation reflects local adaptation of mothers to the local environment or simply reflects nutritional or genetic differences among populations remains unknown (George 1994, 1999, Bertram & Strathmann 1998, Marshall et al 2000. In order to discriminate among these explanations, experimental manipulations of maternal size that are independent of maternal age, genetics and nutrition are necessary.…”

Section: Abstract: Offspring Size · Maternal Effect · Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the going gets rough: effect of maternal size manipulation on larval quality

Marshall¹,

Keough²

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Intraspecific co-variation between egg and body size affects fertilisation kinetics of free-spawning marine invertebrates

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

Maternal influences on offspring size variation and viability in wild European lobster Homarus gammarus

Maternal influences on offspring size variation and viability in wild European lobster Homarus gammarus

Gamete plasticity in a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate

When the going gets rough: effect of maternal size manipulation on larval quality

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