“…6,15 After the first two iterations of the Cox-Maze procedure, the Cox-Maze III was first performed in 1988 and became the standard surgical treatment of AF for more than a decade. 7,9 Recently, various energy sources have been used to create ablation lines to replace the surgical incisions of the procedure including unipolar radiofrequency, microwave, laser, high frequency ultrasound, and cryoablation [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] . At our institution, this technology led to the development of the Cox-Maze IV, which was first performed in 2002.…”