Intraoperative measurement of shoulder translation

Development and reliability testing of the frequency, etiology, direction, and severity (FEDS) system for classifying glenohumeral instability

“…3.) it could be argued that every form of shoulder instability could have excessive translations in multiple planes as biomechanical research and clinical studies suggest that the capsule of the glenohumeral joint behaves as a circle and that injuries are unlikely to produce damage in only one part of the capsule 26,41,45–46,48. These points argue for the elimination of the concept of multidirectional instability and argue for the concept of a primary direction of the instability.…”

In-vivo measurements of force and humeral movement during inferior glenohumeral mobilizations

“…A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 13 and Norlin (Tillander et al, 2001) also measured inferior translation by measuring the movements of pins that had been placed in the acromion and in the proximal humerus. Values for subjects with stable shoulders averaged 4.0mm (SD=2.0mm) when a manual force was applied.…”

Reliability of a new shoulder laxometer to assess inferior glenohumeral joint translation

“…Tillander and Norlin17 used pins and sliding ruler intraoperatively in clinically stable shoulders (4 (SD 2) mm), in similar unstable shoulders (9 (SD 4) mm) and in cadavers (3 (SD 4) mm) 18. von Eisenhart-Roth et al 19 evaluated atraumatic instability using open magnetic resonance imaging and a three-dimensional post procession (4.7 mm), and Jerosch et al 20 used ultrasound in healthy individuals (2.4 mm) and in anaesthetised patients with multidirectional instability (6.1 mm).…”