“…GDHT most often refers to optimisation of flow-related parameters such as cardiac output or stroke volume, 7 , 8 and optimisation will most often involve fluid therapy and the term goal-directed fluid therapy is therefore also used. 9 , 10 , 11 Systematic reviews have generally found that GDHT reduces hospital length of stay 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and overall postoperative complication rate, 7 , 9 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 whereas estimates on mortality 7 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 and organ-specific complications 9 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 tend to favour GDHT with varying precision. Yet, there may be problems with heterogeneity in outcome definitions: although one review did select studies for meta-analyses based on specific definitions of pulmonary outcomes, 17 other reviews included all outcome definitions.…”