Intraocular pressure variation in pregnancy: a prospective study

Sundaram, Lalith; Swaminathan, Sruthi K.; Tc, Ranjakumar; Ashraf, Rahana

doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20161294

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…During pregnancy, high progesterone and increased aqueous outflow facility could assist in lowering IOP. [5] MacLennan et al, [6] in their research, on serum relaxin in pregnancy, support the possibility of softening of suspensory ligaments of corneoscleral envelope due to hormone relaxin. Decreased peripheral vascular resistance during pregnancy can facilitate aqueous humor outflow and decrease in episcleral venous pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The ocular hypotensive effect of pregnancy

Gantela¹,

Aravinda²

2017

Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol

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Background: Blindness ranked third (after cancer and heart disease) as people's major fear. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Everyone is at risk for glaucoma from babies to senior citizens. Glaucoma is not curable, and vision lost cannot be regained. With medication and/or surgery, it is possible to halt further loss of vision. Unfortunately, approximately 10% of people with glaucoma who receive proper treatment still experience loss of vision. If glaucoma can be treated with simple hormones that change in pregnancy, it would of great pharmacological development and prevention of morbidity in the world. Aims and Objectives: Physiology of pregnancy is mainly concerned with maternal adaptations for the growing fetus. All the organ systems in the body undergo adjustments in pregnancy. The aim and objective of the present study are to determine if the changes in pregnancy effect the intraocular pressure (IOP) and to guide future investigation on the treatment of glaucoma. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on 100 pregnant women over 9 months. Their IOPs were measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer. Results: The mean IOPs (MIOP) in pregnant women in three trimesters of pregnancy were 16.4 ± 2.4 mmHg, 14.6 ± 2.2 mmHg, and 12.2 ± 1.6 mmHg, respectively. Conclusion: The IOP decreased during the three trimesters of pregnancy gradually. It concludes that pregnancy has an ocular hypotensive effect. Hence, if pregnancy has an effect to lower the IOP, more research needs to be done to use the reasons responsible for this in the treatment of glaucoma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The ocular hypotensive effect of pregnancy

Gantela¹,

Aravinda²

2017

Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol

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“…When the cortisol levels are at their peak, ACTH levels generally fall and vice versa. 83 Hence, it may be understood that ACTH and cortisol have corresponding levels at any given point of time. This provides a relative value for both stress hormones.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of breathing exercises, foot reflexology and back massage (BRM) on labour pain, anxiety, duration, satisfaction, stress hormones and newborn outcomes among primigravidae during the first stage of labour in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

et al. 2020

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IntroductionLabour pain is among the severest pains primigravidae may experience during pregnancy. Failure to address labour pain and anxiety may lead to abnormal labour. Despite the many complementary non-pharmacological approaches to coping with labour pain, the quality of evidence is low and best approaches are not established. This study protocol describes a proposed investigation of the effects of a combination of breathing exercises, foot reflexology and back massage (BRM) on the labour experiences of primigravidae.Methods and analysisThis randomised controlled trial will involve an intervention group receiving BRM and standard labour care, and a control group receiving only standard labour care. Primigravidae of 26–34 weeks of gestation without chronic diseases or pregnancy-related complications will be recruited from antenatal clinics. Eligible and consenting patients will be randomly allocated to the intervention or the control group stratified by intramuscular pethidine use. The BRM intervention will be delivered by a trained massage therapist. The primary outcomes of labour pain and anxiety will be measured during and after uterine contractions at baseline (cervical dilatation 6 cm) and post BRM hourly for 2 hours. The secondary outcomes include maternal stress hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and oxytocin) levels, maternal vital signs (V/S), fetal heart rate, labour duration, Apgar scores and maternal satisfaction. The sample size is estimated based on the between-group difference of 0.6 in anxiety scores, 95% power and 5% α error, which yields a required sample size of 154 (77 in each group) accounting for a 20% attrition rate. The between-group and within-group outcome measures will be examined with mixed-effect regression models, time series analyses and paired t-test or equivalent non-parametric tests, respectively.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of the Ministry of Health in the Saudi Arabia (H-02-K-076-0319-109) on 14 April 2019, and from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects (JKEUPM) Universiti Putra Malaysia on 23 October 2019, reference number: JKEUPM-2019–169. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Results from this trial will be presented at regional, national and international conferences and published in indexed journals.Trial registration numberISRCTN87414969, registered 3 May 2019.

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Central Corneal Thickness and Intraocular Pressure in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Kan¹,

Mohd²,

Lah³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Introduction: Pregnancy causes an increase in central corneal thickness (CCT) and a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP), especially in the third trimester. However, there is very limited published data regarding CCT and IOP in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on diet control. This study is aimed to compare the means of CCT and IOP between pregnant women with GDM on diet control, healthy pregnant women, and healthy non-pregnant women. Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study. A total of 184 women were recruited and divided into the following three groups: 61 pregnant women with GDM on diet control, 63 healthy pregnant women, and 60 healthy non-pregnant women as control. All subjects have undergone ocular examination during their 36-40 weeks of gestation. CCT measurement was done using a specular microscope and IOP measurement using a non-contact tonometer. Data from the right eye were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 32 (4.0) years in GDM on diet control, 29 (3.0) years in healthy pregnant women, and 27 (5.4) years in healthy non-pregnant women. The number of gravidas was 2.5 (0.8) in women with GDM on diet control and 2.3 (0.8) in healthy pregnant women. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean CCT in women with GDM on diet control compared to healthy pregnant and healthy non-pregnant women. The mean IOP is significantly lower in both pregnant women with GDM on diet control and healthy pregnant groups, compared to the healthy non-pregnant women group. Conclusion: Women with GDM showed significantly thicker mean CCT than healthy pregnant and non-pregnant women. The mean IOP is significantly lower in both pregnant women with GDM on diet control and healthy pregnant groups, compared to the healthy non-pregnant women group.

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Intraocular pressure variation in pregnancy: a prospective study

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

The ocular hypotensive effect of pregnancy

The ocular hypotensive effect of pregnancy

Effectiveness of breathing exercises, foot reflexology and back massage (BRM) on labour pain, anxiety, duration, satisfaction, stress hormones and newborn outcomes among primigravidae during the first stage of labour in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Central Corneal Thickness and Intraocular Pressure in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

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