Intranasal Immunization with a Colloid-Formulated Bacterial Extract Induces an Acute Inflammatory Response in the Lungs and Elicits Specific Immune Responses

Immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory responses of bacterial lysates in respiratory infections and asthma

“…Intranasally administered bacterial lysates induced an acute inflammatory response in the lungs, which was characterized by increased production of CCL and CXCL chemokines and a major influx of DCs. These effects were associated with DC activation and upregulation of the antiviral cytokines IL-12 and interferon-g in vivo, 33 suggesting possible nonspecific antiviral activity of bacterial lysates. These responses are presented in Table 1 11,13,14,21e27,32e38 and Figure 1.…”

“…These responses are presented in Table 1 11,13,14,21e27,32e38 and Figure 1. 13,15,21,25,32,33,36,37,39 Identifying the TLR subtypes that are activated by bacterial lysates is an area of active research that has thus far yielded conflicting findings. A recent study demonstrated that TLR-4 and TLR-2 interact with components of bacterial lysates through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and nuclear factor-kB pathways, resulting in increased secretion of IL-1b and IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a.…”

“…The resultant chemokine secretion promoted an inflammatory response, T-cellemediated B-cell activation, B-cell activating factor, a proliferation-inducing ligand, TGF-b, and IL-6 release, and increased the production of IL-10 and interferon-a (the most important cytokines in the defense against viral infections). 32,33 These effects were examined in vitro using plasmacytoid DCs, monocytic DCs, and peripheral blood monocytes isolated from patients with COPD and healthy subjects. Intranasally administered bacterial lysates induced an acute inflammatory response in the lungs, which was characterized by increased production of CCL and CXCL chemokines and a major influx of DCs.…”

Mucosal Administration of Flagellin Protects Mice from Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection

“…Cells were suspended in FACS-EDTA buffer (PBS, 0.1% azide, and 1% bovine serum albumin [Sigma-Aldrich] plus 5 mM EDTA). Lung cells were isolated after collagenase and DNase treatment as previously described (34) and were filtered through a 40-m-pore-size cell strainer. Immune cells were separated in a two-layer Percoll (Sigma-Aldrich) gradient.…”

Optimal Conditions for Streptococcus pneumoniae Culture and for Polysaccharide Production for Vaccines

“…PBL are mechanically fractioned particulates or chemically degraded lyophilized cells derived from pathogenic bacterial strains responsible for RTI, which may contain extracts derived from various bacterial species including Streptococcus pneumoniae [18].…”