Intranasal IgG4/7 antibody responses protect horses against equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection including nasal virus shedding and cell-associated viremia

Perkins, Gillian A.; Babasyan, Susanna; Stout, Alison E.; Freer, Heather; Rollins, Alicia; Wimer, Christine L.; Wagner, Bettina

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.014

Cited by 25 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…While VN antibodies are type-specific and give longer protection (up to a year), there is cross-reactivity between CF antibodies of EHV-1 and EHV-4; however, CF antibodies only last for about 3 months. The host humoral immunity is usually targeted to recognize epitopes on the surface of envelope glycoproteins of EHV-1 (Allen and Yeargan, 1987; Crabb et al, 1991; Packiarajah et al, 1998; Perkins et al, 2019), and IgGa, IgGb, IgGc, IgGd, IgM, and IgG(T) antibody isotypes have all been detected in EHV-1-infected horses (Paillot et al, 2008; Wagner et al, 2015; Perkins et al, 2019). The protective effect of circulating antibodies during infection with EHV-1 is limited once a state of cell-associated viremia is established.…”

Section: Ehv-1 Interactions With the Host Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

2019

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Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.

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Section: Ehv-1 Interactions With the Host Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

2019

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“…The equine herpesvirus type 1 risk evaluation assay (Animal Health Diagnostic Center (AHDC), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA) was performed as previously described [ 16 ]. Briefly, a fluorescent bead bound to an EHV-1 recombinant protein, glycoprotein C (gC), was incubated for 30 min with serum diluted 1:400 in phosphate buffered saline ((PBN) with 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.05% (w/v) sodium azide).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data were reported as median fluorescent intensities (MFI). The two values obtained from the assay were used to categorize animals as “high risk”, “moderate risk”, “low risk”, and “very low risk” of contracting EHV-1 if exposed to the virus [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys (Equus asinus)

Goodrich

McLean

Guarino

2020

Animals

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Recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. Very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around Death Valley National Park, California, USA. The aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza (EIV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease). The results of this study indicate that this feral equid population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild.

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“…Nasal secretion biomarkers, including cytokines and IgG isotypes were studied to determine whether horses were susceptible to EHV-1 infection and thus represent a continuing infection risk during an outbreak. Using multiplex technology, horses with low intranasal interferon alpha, chemokine ligand 3, soluble CD14 (IFNa, CCL3, sCD14) and a ratio of EHV-1 specific antibody IgG4/7:IgG1>10 were immune to re-infection, either immediately after experimental infection or during the convalescent phase beyond day 21 after infection [15]. More work is required, but these methods may provide tools to determine the susceptibility of individual horses to infection or the risk of virus spreading to others during an outbreak.…”

Section: Diagnostics and Virologymentioning

confidence: 99%