Intranasal Application of S. epidermidis Prevents Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Mice

Park, Bonggoo; Iwase, Tomoyuki; Liu, George Y.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025880

Cited by 64 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although bacterial antagonism against S. aureus has previously been investigated (41,43,47,48), our data suggest that there are additional variables to consider when prophylactic countermeasures are being designed; in order to lower the risk of development of SSTI, one must lower S. aureus colonization levels but must be cognizant of other nasal bacterial inhabitants, especially from the phylum Proteobacteria. Additionally, a reduction of specific bacteria in noncarriers, including Propionibacterium and S. epidermidis, correlates with SSTI development (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Correlation between Nasal Microbiome Composition and Remote Purulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

et al. 2015

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The incidence of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) has increased dramatically over the past decade, resulting in significant morbidity in millions of otherwise healthy individuals worldwide. Certain groups, like military personnel, are at increased risk for SSTI development. Although nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus is an important risk factor for the development of SSTIs, it is not clear why some colonized individuals develop disease while others do not. Recent studies have revealed the importance of microbial diversity in human health. Therefore, we hypothesized that the nasal microbiome may provide valuable insight into SSTI development. To examine this hypothesis, we obtained anterior-naris samples from military trainees with cutaneous abscesses and from asymptomatic (non-SSTI) participants. We also obtained samples from within abscess cavities. Specimens were analyzed by culture, and the microbial community within each sample was characterized using a 16S sequencingbased approach. We collected specimens from 46 non-SSTI participants and from 40 participants with abscesses. We observed a significantly higher abundance of Proteobacteria in the anterior nares in non-SSTI participants (P < 0.0001) than in participants with abscesses. Additionally, we noted a significant inverse correlation between Corynebacterium spp. and S. aureus (P ‫؍‬ 0.0001). The sensitivity of standard microbiological culture for abscesses was 71.4%. These data expand our knowledge of the complexity of the nasal and abscess microbiomes and potentially pave the way for novel therapeutic and prophylactic countermeasures against SSTI. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading pathogen in both community and hospital settings. Infections with S. aureus range from invasive disease such as bacteremia and pneumonia to generally less severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) (1-3). SSTIs, especially those caused by USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have emerged as a common, burdensome, and costly disease (4-6). Individuals in congregate settings (e.g., members of athletic teams, prison inmates, and military trainees) are at increased risk for SSTI (7-10).Given that approximately one-third of people may exhibit S. aureus carriage, it is unclear why some develop SSTI while others do not (11). While it is clear that host genetics, immune responses, and strain differences contribute (12-17), there are likely other important factors. As the anterior nares appear to be a critical S. aureus reservoir (1, 18, 19) and because antecedent nasal carriage increases the risk for infection (1, 20, 21), a better understanding of nasal microbial ecology may yield valuable clues regarding SSTI susceptibility.The anterior nares are a dynamic microbial battleground between pathogens and commensals (22,23). The concept that changes in the host microbiome may influence human health is well documented (24); however, few studies have investigated how the nasal microbiome is altered in response to human disease (25,26). Importantl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Correlation between Nasal Microbiome Composition and Remote Purulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

et al. 2015

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“…These findings may explain the bacterial competition for human nasal cavity colonization. This competition could be either Grampositive versus Gram-negative bacteria or within the same group of bacteria as was shown in an animal model by Park et al [15]. They investigated whether the applica- Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They suggested that application of commensal bacteria with antibiotics could represent a more effective strategy to prevent MRSA colonization [15]. Development of S. epidermidis-dominated microbiota may either protect an individual patient from subsequent S. aureus colonization or be an intermediate stage in succession to a nasal microbiota dominated by S. aureus.…”

Section: Proteus Mirabilis 1 -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of nasal bacterial carriage in pediatric patients from two different geographical regions

Ghebremedhin

Köenig

2012

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial carriage in the anterior nares of two different patient cohorts, aged 5-15 years. By use of a sensitive enrichment broth, Gram-positive and -negative bacteria were cultured from the two cohorts of each 100 patients at the Referral Clinic in Eritrea and at a German University Hospital. In the German cohort, 27% of the patients were positive either for Gram-negative (n=5) or -positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (n=8; MRSA (n=2)), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=12), Corynebacterium spp. (n=4), and Streptococcus pyogenes (n=1). In comparison, the Eritrean cohort revealed 33% bacterial carriers in the anterior nares. Among the identified species were S. aureus (n=2), S. epidermidis (n=13), Streptococcus haemolyticus (n=9), and Gram-negative rods including Klebsiella pneumoniae/oxytoca (n=5), Enterobacter agglomerans (n=4), Escherichia coli (n=2), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=1). Noteworthy, none of the Eritrean patients were positive for MRSA. In both cohorts there was no co-occurrence of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria in the anterior nares. However, we observed in two subjects of the Eritrean cohort co-colonization with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus. The occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria was less significant by age in the German cohort, whereas in the Eritrean cohort Gram-negative bacteria were more frequently detected in carriers aged 5-9 years. Continued surveillance of S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria carriage deserves further attention and might help to determine future trends in the characteristics of nasal carriage, subsequent incidence of infections, and the potential effectiveness of targeted population based intervention.

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“…Application of corynebacteria or Staphylococcus epidermidis have already been shown to eliminate S. aureus colonization in the nares in a significant proportion of the population 11,12 . Studies into specific strains that can competitively exclude undesirable members of the host flora, through techniques such as the one described here, may therefore lead to future therapeutics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Quantify the Effect of Bacteria-derived Antimicrobials on Competition

Moran

Crank

Ghabban

et al. 2016

JoVE

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Competitive exclusion can occur in microbial communities when, for example, an inhibitor-producing strain outcompetes its competitor for an essential nutrient or produces antimicrobial compounds that its competitor is not resistant to. Here we describe a deferred growth inhibition assay, a method for assessing the ability of one bacterium to inhibit the growth of another through the production of antimicrobial compounds or through competition for nutrients. This technique has been used to investigate the correlation of nasal isolates with the exclusion of particular species from a community. This technique can also be used to screen for lantibiotic producers or potentially novel antimicrobials. The assay is performed by first culturing the test inhibitor-producing strain overnight on an agar plate, then spraying over the test competitor strain and incubating again. After incubation, the extent of inhibition can be measured quantitatively, through the size of the zone of clearing around the inhibitor-producing strain, and qualitatively, by assessing the clarity of the inhibition zone. Here we present the protocol for the deferred inhibition assay, describe ways to minimize variation between experiments, and define a clarity scale that can be used to qualitatively assess the degree of inhibition.

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Intranasal Application of S. epidermidis Prevents Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Mice

Cited by 64 publications

References 19 publications

Correlation between Nasal Microbiome Composition and Remote Purulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Correlation between Nasal Microbiome Composition and Remote Purulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Comparative study of nasal bacterial carriage in pediatric patients from two different geographical regions

Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Quantify the Effect of Bacteria-derived Antimicrobials on Competition

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