Intramolluscan Inter-trematode Antagonism: a Review of Factors Influencing the Host-parasite System and its Possible Role in Biological Control

Lim, Hok-Kan; Heyneman, Donald

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60175-x

Cited by 161 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…some gall thrips [9] and aphids [18,31], but is consistent with the recognition-ofself documented for clonal wasp larvae [32] and sea anemones [12]. Although there has been much study of direct antagonism between heterospecific trematode parthenitae [22][23][24][25][26], there has been very little documentation of direct antagonism between conspecifics (but see [33]). Secondary morphs readily attack heterospecifics and conspecifics, but do they attack more frequently than do primary morphs?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

2010

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In some of the most complex animal societies, individuals exhibit a cooperative division of labour to form castes. The most pronounced types of caste formation involve reproductive and non-reproductive forms that are morphologically distinct. In colonies comprising separate or mobile individuals, this type of caste formation has been recognized only among the arthropods, sea anemones and mole-rats. Here, we document physical and behavioural caste formation in a flatworm. Trematode flatworm parasites undergo repeated clonal reproduction of 'parthenitae' within their molluscan hosts forming colonies. We present experimental and observational data demonstrating specialization among trematode parthenitae to form distinct soldier and reproductive castes. Soldiers do not reproduce, have relatively large mouthparts, and are much smaller and thinner than reproductives. Soldiers are also more active, and are disproportionally common in areas of the host where invasions occur. Further, only soldiers readily and consistently attack heterospecifics and conspecifics from other colonies. The division of labour described here for trematodes is strongly analogous to that characterizing other social systems with a soldier caste. The parallel caste formation in these systems, despite varying reproductive mode and taxonomic affiliation, indicates the general importance of ecological factors in influencing the evolution of social behaviour. Further, the 'recognition of self ' and the defence of the infected host body from invading parasites are comparable to aspects of immune defence. A division of labour is probably widespread among trematodes and trematode species encompass considerable taxonomic, life history and environmental diversity. Trematodes should therefore provide new, fruitful systems to investigate the ecology and evolution of sociality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

2010

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“…Further, miracidia are generally attracted to larger-size snails, as they are more active and have more of the body exposed as a target for miracidia. 40 There are data indicating that the snail growth rate increases or decreases depending on the biological features of the trematodes developing in the snail. In the case of O. viverrini s.l., infected snails were significantly smaller than uninfected individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Transmission of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato and a Lecithodendriid Trematode Species in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos Snails in Northeast Thailand

Namsanor¹,

Sithithaworn²,

Kopolrat³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Seasonal changes play roles in the transmission success of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (FZT). This study examined the seasonal transmission patterns of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (s.l.) and a virgulate cercaria (family Lecithodendriidae) in the snail intermediate host, Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in northeast Thailand. Snail samples were collected monthly during the rainy, cool, and hot seasons during 2012-2013 to determine the prevalence and intensity of larval trematode infections. The prevalence of O. viverrini s.l. varied significantly with season, being 0.31%, 1.05%, and 0.37% in the rainy, cool, and hot seasons, respectively (P 0.05). Similarly, the prevalence of virgulate cercariae was 3.11%, 6.80%, and 1.64% in the rainy, cool, and hot seasons, respectively (P 0.05). The intensity of larval trematode infections also varied between seasons and peaked in the hot season (P 0.05) in both species. The snails infected with O. viverrini s.l. were significantly smaller (P 0.05) and those infected with virgulate cercariae were significantly larger (P 0.05) than uninfected snails. Seasonal variation and the different sizes of B. s. goniomphalos parasitized by O. viverrini s.l. and virgulate trematodes indicate complex host-parasite interactions with important implications for the epidemiology of O. viverrini s.l.

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“…There is evidence of physical displacement in helminths, especially bulky cestodes inhabiting vertebrate guts (Haukisalmi and Henttonen, 1993;Behnke et al, 2001). Best documented are the interspecific interactions, including predation, between larval trematodes in snails (Lie et al, 1968;Lim and Heyneman, 1972;Hechinger et al, 2011). Homosexual rape has been documented in acanthocephalans, where cementing of the male victim's genital region effectively removed it from the reproductive population (Abele and Gilchrist, 1977;Hassanine and Al-Jahdali, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is some evidence for the involvement of chemicals -a so-called ''crowding factor'' in intraspecific interactions amongst cestodes (Roberts, 2000). Chemical interactions are ubiquitous in microparasites -for example, bacteriocins are produced by bacteria to kill closely related species (Riley and Wertz, 2002;Mideo, 2009 in the snail intermediate host: the rediae of many echinostome species attack and consume rediae and sporocysts of other trematode species, thereby eliminating subordinate species from the snail (Lie et al, 1968;Lim and Heyneman, 1972;Hechinger et al, 2011). In solitary species of parasitoid insects a host can support only one individual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

O’Callaghan

Zenner

Hartley

et al. 2014

International Journal for Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tThere is evidence of competition within and between helminth species, but the mechanisms involved are not well described. In interference competition, organisms prevent each other from using the contested resource through direct negative interactions, either chemical or physical. Steinernema spp. are entomopathogenic nematodes; they enter a living insect host which they kill and consume with the aid of symbiotic bacteria. Several studies have demonstrated intra-and interspecific competition in Steinernema, mediated by a scramble for resources and by incompatibility of the bacterial symbiont. Here we describe a mechanism by which male Steinernema may compete directly for resources, both food (host) and females, by physically injuring or killing members of another species as well as males of their own species. A series of experiments was conducted in hanging drops of insect haemolymph. Males of each of four species (Steinernema longicaudum, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema kraussei and Steinernema feltiae), representing three of the five phylogenetic clades of the genus, killed each other. Within 48 h, up to 86% of pairs included at least one dead male, compared with negligible mortality in single male controls. There was evidence of intraspecific difference: one strain of S. feltiae (4CFMO) killed while another (UK76) did not. Males also killed both females and males of other Steinernema spp. There was evidence of a hierarchy of killing, with highest mortality due to S. longicaudum followed by S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and S. feltiae. Wax moth larvae were co-infected with members of two Steinernema spp. to confirm that killing also takes place in the natural environment of an insect cadaver. When insects were co-infected with one infective juvenile of each species, S. longicaudum males killed both S. feltiae UK76 and Steinernema hermaphroditum. Wax moths co-infected with larger, equal numbers of S. longicaudum and S. feltiae UK76 produced mainly S. longicaudum progeny, as expected based on hanging drop experiments. Ó

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Intramolluscan Inter-trematode Antagonism: a Review of Factors Influencing the Host-parasite System and its Possible Role in Biological Control

Cited by 161 publications

References 152 publications

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

Seasonal Transmission of Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato and a Lecithodendriid Trematode Species in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos Snails in Northeast Thailand

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

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