“…An approach to molecularly determine the cause of allograft rejections is to identify specific genes that are involved in the rejections. In recent years, gene expression profiling has been increasingly used in organ transplantation studies, including liver, heart, pancreas, kidney, and lung transplantations, by cDNA microarray or real-time RT-PCR (5,6,11,20, 24,37,42–44,70). While studies have identified allograft rejection-related genes involved in apoptosis, cytokines, cytotoxic molecule, and cell adhesion (12,55,58), it is not clear how many genes are involved in allograft rejection at the genome level.…”