Intraepithelial and invasive squamous neoplasms of the conjunctiva in Ibadan, Nigeria: a clinicopathological study of 46 cases

Ogun, Gabriel Olabiyi; Ogun, Olufunmilola; Bekibele, CO; Akang, E. E. U.

doi:10.1007/s10792-008-9257-8

Cited by 35 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The primary objective of surgery is to achieve complete removal of the tumor in order to decrease the chance of recurrence. OSSN was treated by enucleation in up to 60% of cases in a study from Nigeria [6 • ]. OSSN was seen in 4–8% of HIV-infected patients in South Africa and Botswana and the recurrence rate after surgery ranged over 3.2–32% [15].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the United States, the incidence is reported as 0.03 cases per 100 000 persons [3], whereas a study from Australia reports the incidence as 1.9 cases per 100 000 persons [4]. This is in contrast to much higher incidences reported in sub-Saharan African nations [5,6 • ]. Additionally, the incidence of OSSN has been increasing in Tanzania and other parts of Africa in the last decade [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When calculated from a total of 1587 ocular biopsies between 1996 and 2000, the annual prevalence of OSSN in 1996 was 33% in 1996 and 58% in 2000 [8]. In a study done in Nigeria of a total of 43 eye lesions analyzed, OSSN was found in 12% of the patients [6 • ]. Only one study published in 2010 from Uganda reports a seemingly recent decline in the incidence of OSSN [9 • ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa

Nagaiah

Stotler

Orem

et al. 2010

Current Opinion in Oncology

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Purpose of review Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in sub-Saharan countries is an aggressive tumor that affects younger patients and appears to be increasing in incidence. There are data to suggest the association of this disease with solar radiation exposure, HIV, and human papilloma virus (HPV). This trend possibly reflects the association of the high incidence of HIV, concomitant high incidence of exposure to HPV, and the solar radiation exposure that people in this region of the world receive. We undertook a PubMed search with the terms ‘ocular surface squamous neoplasia’, ‘conjunctival carcinoma’, ‘HIV’ and ‘HPV’, and ‘sub-Saharan/Africa’ to ascertain the scope of the problem and to review the available data, with an emphasis on publications of 2009 and the first quarter of 2010. Recent findings There is increasing evidence of a significant association between HIV seropositivity and OSSN. The role of HPV as contributing to the cause of OSSN is being investigated. Summary Patients with conjunctival cancer in sub-Saharan Africa are typically younger and more than 50% have underlying HIV infection. Initial presentation can be asymptomatic; however, many of these patients have advanced disease before they seek medical help and OSSN appears to have a more aggressive clinical course in sub-Saharan Africa. Treatment in Africa is primarily surgical. Chemotherapy and antiviral agents have been used. A diagnosis of OSSN in younger patients in sub-Saharan Africa should prompt HIV serotesting.

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa

Nagaiah

Stotler

Orem

et al. 2010

Current Opinion in Oncology

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“…[9] Thus, affordability is a major consideration when comparing various topical chemotherapy options for OSSN. Interferon is a very effective and well-tolerated form of treatment for early OSSN; drops are used daily and work slowly but very effectively and have been reported to be associated with 67-100% response rate for OSSN in HIV or non-HIV patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and severity of ocular surface Neoplasia in African nations and need for early interventions

Reynolds¹,

Pfeiffer²,

Ozgur³

et al. 2016

J Ophthalmic Vis Res

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Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a common ocular surface tumor with an increased incidence in African countries (3.4 and 3.0 cases/year/100,000). Despite its potential for vision loss and death, OSSN remains largely neglected by both eye and HIV care programs in Africa. The purpose of this review is to identify the barriers to timely diagnosis and early interventions for OSSN in Africa. PubMed searches were conducted targeting previous use of topical chemotherapy (interferon alpha 2b, Mitomycin-C, 5-Fluorouracil) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Africa. We found that OSSN is a significant vision and life-threatening health problem in Africa leading to significant loss of vision, as well as facial disfigurement and social stigma. We did not find any reports on the use of topical interferon, Mitomycin-C or HPV vaccination for OSSN in Africa. One report on the use of topical 5-FU for OSSN in Africa was found. Common barriers to early detection and management of OSSN in Africa include lack of sufficient laboratory infrastructure, lack of trained healthcare personnel, lack of compliance with follow-up visits, cost of topical chemotherapies, and cultural preferences for traditional medicines. In conclusion, OSSN is a significant vision and life-threatening health problem in Africa. There is not much literature on prevention or treatment options for early stages of OSSN in Africa. The use of topical chemotherapy as early interventions and judicious use of smart phone Apps to help with remote diagnosis of early OSSN should be further explored.

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“…49 Conjunctival SCC represents the most severe form of OSSN, causing ocular morbidity and if left untreated can result in mortality. 50 Metastasis to lymph nodes, enucleation, and exenteration is common. 51 Newton et al 52 determined that the incidence of conjunctival SCC declined by 49% with each 10-degree change in latitude, falling from 412 cases/million/year in Uganda to o0.2 cases/million/year in the UK.…”

Section: Pterygia: Characteristics and Pathogenic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of human papilloma virus with pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia

Girolamo

2011

Eye

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There are more microorganisms that colonize the human body than resident cells; some are commensal whereas others are pathogenic. Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the innate or adaptive immune system, an immune response is initiated, and the infection is often cleared. Some microorganisms have developed strategies to evade immune defenses, ensuring their long-term survival with potentially devastating consequences for the host. Approximately 18% of all cancers can be attributed to infective agents; the most common being Helicobacter pylori, Human papilloma virus (HPV) and Hepatitis B and C virus in causing stomach, cervical and liver carcinoma, respectively. This review focuses on whether HPV infection is necessary for initiating pterygia, a common benign condition and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), a rare disease with metastatic potential. The search engine PubMed was used to identify articles from the literature related to HPV and pterygium or conjunctival neoplasia. From 34 investigations that studied HPV in pterygia and OSSN, a prevalence rate of 18.6% (136/731) and 33.8% (144/426), respectively, was recorded. The variation in HPV prevalence (0-100%) for both disease groups may have arisen from study-design faults and the techniques used to identify the virus. Overall, the data suggest that HPV is not necessary for initiating either condition but may be a co-factor in susceptible hosts. Currently, over 60 million people worldwide have been immunized with HPV vaccines, but any effect on pterygium and OSSN development may not be known for some time as these lesions can evolve over decades or occur in older individuals.

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Intraepithelial and invasive squamous neoplasms of the conjunctiva in Ibadan, Nigeria: a clinicopathological study of 46 cases

Abstract: Patients with invasive SCC in Nigeria present late and have significant delay before having any form of treatment. This contributes to the poor outcome. Human papilloma virus (HPV) and actinic aetiology are possible strong causative agents in Nigerians.

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa

Prevalence and severity of ocular surface Neoplasia in African nations and need for early interventions

Association of human papilloma virus with pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia

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