Intradermal vaccine delivery: Will new delivery systems transform vaccine administration?

Evaluation of immunogen delivery by DNA immunization using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging

“…stefan P Petkov, 1 Frank Heuts, 1 Olga a Krotova, [1][2][3] athina Kilpelainen, 1 Gunnel engström, 1 elizaveta s starodubova 1,2 , and Maria G Isaguliants the same fiber. This dispersal mechanism has been proposed to contribute to more efficient transgene expression in muscles compared with other tissues.…”

“…Both skin and muscle are suitable targets for plasmid DNA delivery. 1,2 Skin is a very attractive site for delivery as it is an immunological barrier, which contains a high number of immunocompetent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as Langerhans cells. These cells constituting 1-4% of the total cells of the epidermis, greatly contribute to the induction of immune response after DNA delivery.…”

Intanza®9 µg intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine for adults 18 to 59 years of age

“…The immunogenicity of vaccines delivered via the ID route is thought to be enhanced by the high density of dermal dendritic cells in the skin and by efficient lymphatic drainage via the skin's rich microvascular network. 38,39 Current understanding of the cellular response to intradermal vaccination was summarized in a 2011 review by Combadiere and Liard. 40 Following injection into the skin, resident antigenpresenting cells, especially epidermal keratinocytes, Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, capture and are activated by vaccine antigens, leading to their migration through the dermis and eventually to the draining lymph nodes.…”

Immunogenicity of intramuscular MF59-adjuvanted and intradermal administered influenza enhanced vaccines in subjects aged over 60: A literature review

“…Two types of professional APCs (Langherans cells in the epidermis and dermal dendritic cells (DCs) in the dermis) play a pivotal role in skin's innate immune response and induction of adaptive immune response against pathogens. 21,22 These DCs favor rapid capture and movement of antigen via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, thus facilitating lymph node T and B cells activation/expansion and induction of antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity. 21,23,24 Antigens can also drain into the lymph nodes with no involvement of peripheral tissue DCs and be captured by lymph node resident DCs from skin migratory DCs, with subsequent priming of na€ ıve T cells.…”