“…The pioneering work of Gao et al (2018) considers the US stock market and finds evidence that the first and penultimate half-hour returns exhibit positive forecasting ability for the last half-hour return. This type of analysis of intraday momentum has been extended to several other markets, including the Chinese equity market (e.g., Zhang et al, 2019 ), foreign exchange market (e.g., Elaut et al, 2018 ), Chinese commodity futures market (e.g., Jin et al, 2020 ), and US crude oil exchange-traded fund (ETF) market (e.g., Wen et al, 2020 ). 1 In this paper, we extend this embryonic line of research to the patterns of intraday return predictability for several commodity ETFs and their related volatility indices, focusing on the crude oil, gold, and silver markets.…”