Intracranial Stereotaxic Cannulation for Development of Orthotopic Glioblastoma Allograft in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Histoimmunopathological Characterization of the Brain Tumor

Karmakar, Surajit; Banik, Naren L.; Ray, Swapan K.

doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9450-6

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Since C6 glioma cells are allogeneic in all inbred strains, this should provide a strong cautionary note for studies employing this tumor model and they should not be used for immunotherapy studies. Despite this limitation, the C6 glioma model continues to be used for a variety of studies related to brain tumor biology [36]. These have included studies on tumor growth, invasion, migration, BBB disruption, neovascularization, growth factor regulation and production, and biochemical studies [37–39].…”

Section: C6 Gliomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas

2009

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In this review we will describe eight commonly used rat brain tumor models and their application for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. The C6, 9L and T9 gliomas were induced by repeated injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU) to adult rats. The C6 glioma has been used extensively for a variety of studies, but since it arose in an outbred Wistar rat, it is not syngeneic to any inbred strain, and its potential to evoke an alloimmune response is a serious limitation. The 9L gliosarcoma has been used widely and has provided important information relating to brain tumor biology and therapy. The T9 glioma, although not generally recognized, was and probably still is the same as the 9L. Both of these tumors arose in Fischer rats and can be immunogenic in syngeneic hosts, a fact that must be taken into consideration when used in therapy studies, especially if survival is the endpoint. The RG2 and F98 gliomas were both chemically induced by administering ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to pregnant rats, the progeny of which developed brain tumors that subsequently were propagated in vitro and cloned. They are either weakly or non-immunogenic and have an invasive pattern of growth and uniform lethality, which make them particularly attractive models to test new therapeutic modalities. The CNS-1 glioma was induced by administering MNU to a Lewis rat. It has an infiltrative pattern of growth and is weakly immunogenic, which should make it useful in experimental neuro-oncology. Finally, the BT4C glioma was induced by administering ENU to a BD IX rat, following which brain cells were propagated in vitro until a tumorigenic clone was isolated. This tumor has been used for a variety of studies to evaluate new therapeutic modalities. The Avian Sarcoma Virus (ASV) induced tumors, and a continuous cell line derived from one of them designated RT-2, have been useful for studies in which de novo tumor induction is an important requirement. These tumors also are immunogenic and this limits their usefulness for therapy studies. It is essential to recognize the limitations of each of the models that have been described, and depending upon the nature of the study to be conducted, it is important that the appropriate model be selected.

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Section: C6 Gliomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas

2009

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“…Among these glioma models, the C6 rat glioma cell line represents an important and widely used model, which is easily handled and maintained. Although different implantation protocols ( 3 , 4 ) or rodent hosts ( 5 , 6 ) used to develop the model may affect the overall period of tumor progression, the key steps in tumorigenesis, including tumor growth, angiogenesis and invasion, are generally similar ( 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of highly proliferative secondary tumor clusters along host blood vessels in malignant glioma

Wang

Cheng

Yang

et al. 2015

Molecular Medicine Reports

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the extensive invasion of tumor cells into normal brain tissue, a life-threatening feature of malignant gliomas. How invasive tumor cells migrate into normal brain tissue and form a secondary tumor structure remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the morphological and phenotypic changes of glioma cells during invasion in a C6 glioma model were investigated. C6 glioma cells were stereotactically injected into the right putamen region of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The brain tissue sections were then subjected to hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent staining. High magnification views of the tissue sections revealed that C6 cells formed tumor spheroids following implantation and marked invasion was observed shortly after spheroid formation. In the later stages of invasion, certain tumor cells invaded the perivascular space and formed small tumor clusters. These small tumor clusters exhibited certain common features, including tumor cell multilayers surrounding an arteriole, which occurred up to several millimeters away from the primary tumor mass; a high proliferation rate; and similar gene expression profiles to the primary tumor. In conclusion, the present study revealed that invading tumor cells are capable of forming highly proliferative cell clusters along arterioles near the tumor margin, which may be a possible cause of the recurrence of malignant glioma.

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“…We have exploited the anti-proliferative and immunosuppressive properties of cholesterol derivatives to study their effect on C6 cells which are the most common experimental models used in neuro-oncology to study glioblastoma (141)(142)(143)(144)(145). We have compared the cytotoxic effects of the following natural and synthetic cholesterol derivatives (3) and AO staining were measured by flow cytometry.…”

Section: Natural and Synthetic Cholesterol Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholesterol Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Agents in Glioblastoma Metabolic Therapy

Sassi

Nury

Samadi³

et al. 2021

Gliomas

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Malignant brain tumors are among the most devastating types of cancer. Glioblastoma is the most common and serious form of brain cancer. Most glioblastomas are surgically unresectable and are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage. The high level of resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy makes glioblastoma one of the most difficult cancers to treat. In brain tumors, the challenges of targeted therapy also include the blood-brain barrier, which often contributes to treatment failure. Therefore, developments of new treatment strategies are required. Metabolic treatments could be an alternative to conventional therapies. Metabolic approaches aim at suppressing glioblastoma tumorigenicity leading to glioblastoma cell death. Since cholesterol metabolism is deregulated in these tumors, this is a promising potential target for therapy. As glioblastoma cells draw on cholesterol from the central nervous system to survive,

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Intracranial Stereotaxic Cannulation for Development of Orthotopic Glioblastoma Allograft in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Histoimmunopathological Characterization of the Brain Tumor

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas

Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas

Characterization of highly proliferative secondary tumor clusters along host blood vessels in malignant glioma

Cholesterol Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Agents in Glioblastoma Metabolic Therapy

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