Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pregnancy

Stroke in pregnant women has a mortality rate of 1.4 deaths per 100,000 deliveries. Vascular malformations are the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in this population; preeclampsia and other risk factors have been identified. However, nearly a quarter of strokes have an undeterminable cause. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is less frequent but results in significant morbidity. The main objective of this study is to review the literature on pregnant patients who had a spontaneous ICH. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on PubMed and the Cochrane library from January 1992 to September 2016 following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting pregnant patients with spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and subdural hemorrhage (SDH) were selected and included if patients had non-structural ICH during pregnancy or up to 6 weeks postpartum confirmed by imaging. Twenty studies were included, and 43 patients identified. Twenty-two patients (51.3%) presented with IPH, 15 patients (34.8%) with SAH, and five patients (11.6%) with SDH. The most common neurosurgical management was clinical in 76.7% of patients, and cesarean section was the most common obstetrical management in 28% of patients. The most common maternal outcome was death (48.8%), and fetal outcomes were evenly distributed among term delivery, preterm delivery, and fetal or neonatal death. Spontaneous ICH carries a high maternal mortality with IPH being the most common type, most frequently presenting in the third trimester. Diagnosis and management do not differ for the parturient compared to the non-pregnant woman.

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Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Ascanio

Maragkos

Young

et al. 2018

Neurocrit Care

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Warfarin-associated intracranial haemorrhage in pregnant woman with double mechanical valve replacement: a case presentation

Oğuz

Ayaz

Adin

2020

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Background: Management of warfarin-associated major haemorrhage in prosthetic valve diseases is difficult as there is a fine line between haemorrhage and thrombosis. An individual's propensity towards thrombosis, such as pregnancy, makes this situation even more complicated. Cases like these are very rare in the literature. Case presentation: A 26 weeks pregnant, gravida two, para one, 35-year-old patient with prosthetic aortic and mitral valves presented to an external emergency clinic with clouding of consciousness. Her international normalised ratio(INR) was 8.9 at presentation. Brain MRI revealed a left subdural haematoma with no significant mass effect. Warfarin treatment was discontinued. On the second day of follow-up, she was referred to our centre for further evaluation of her clinical deterioration. She was haemodynamically stable on admission to the intensive care unit and followed up with a stable condition until the fourth day when she developed right eye drop and subsequent loss of consciousness. Her haematoma was surgically evacuated, and her condition improved. Eventually, she and a healthy newborn were discharged. Conclusion: Intracranial haemorrhage during pregnancy is a relatively rare complication that requires a multidisciplinary management plan. Although the thrombogenic risk is high, it is vital to complete a reversal of warfarin anticoagulation in pregnant women with major bleeding.

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Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pregnancy

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Warfarin-associated intracranial haemorrhage in pregnant woman with double mechanical valve replacement: a case presentation

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