Intracranial dissemination in a primary small cell carcinoma of the brain: a case report and literature review

Abstract

Primary intracranial small cell carcinoma (SCC) is extremely rare with only 8 previously reported cases. We describe a case of primary intracranial SCC with intracranial metastasis. A 46-year-old man presented with decreased vision and a red and swollen left eye. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a heterogeneously enhanced tumor on the left frontal lobe. Preoperative systemic computed tomography (CT), MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT revealed no extracranial tumors. The tumor on the left frontal lobe was excised. Immunohistochemical staining on the excision showed positivity for CD56, synaptophysin (Syn), cytokeratin (CK), and Ki-67 (30%), and negativity for thyroid transcriptional factor-1 (TTF-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM-1), C-Myc, Vimentin, P40, P53, CK7, CD3, CD5, CD20, CD79a, CD10, and CD23. The pathological examination strongly suggested that the tumor was a primary intracranial SCC. One year after the surgery, the patient was readmitted with slurred speech and slow movements. Three well-defined tumors were found in the left upper frontal lobe by brain MRI. Tumor resection was then performed. Further immunohistochemical examination of the excised tissue displayed the same pattern as previously, indicating the recurrence of intracranial SCC in the left frontal lobe. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy after the tumor resection. At the 2-year follow-up, he remained asymptomatic.

Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and fracture risk in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Changes in bone metabolism have been associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which is often influenced by dietary habits. 21,22 Consuming pro-inflammatory foods over time may cause the body’s level of inflammation to increase. It has been proposed that consumption of a diet high in saturated fatty acids could potentially enhance the secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and TNF-α.…”

“…29 For instance, cohort studies are susceptible to biases such as selection bias and loss to follow-up. 22,30 Conversely, cross-sectional studies are vulnerable in terms of selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. 31 In comparison with cohort studies, case–control and cross-sectional studies are more likely to include recall bias and selection bias, potentially compromising the accuracy of the results.…”