Intracerebral microinjection of stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate affects dopamine turnover in cerebral cortex and locomotor activity in rats

Abstract

Stannous 2-ethylhexanoate [Sn(Oct)(2)] is used as a catalyst for production of poly-L-lactic acid and copolymers that are implanted in cranial surgery, but reports on its effects on the central nervous system are few. We examined the effects of Sn(Oct)(2) on cell viability in vitro and on neurotransmission and behavior in the rat. Treatment of normal human astrocytes with 10 mg/mL Sn(Oct)(2) reduced mitochondrial activity to 16% of the control. Injection of Sn(Oct)(2) at 6.28 mg/kg BW (2 mg/kg BW Sn) into right lateral ventricle of the rat brain tended to increase the ambulation distance after 30 days when compared with the control group. The turnover of dopamine neurotransmission was increased in the cerebral cortex. These results suggest that Sn(Oct)(2) is cytotoxic to astrocytes in vitro. Injection of Sn(Oct)(2) into the brain had no or very weak immediate neurotoxicity, but long-term exposure to Sn(Oct)(2) increased dopamine neurotransmission turnover.

Covalent Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles for the Sustained Delivery of Naloxone

“…Among the most widely employed metal-derived polymerization catalysts are tin-based species including the commercially available tin­(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. While these compounds have been successfully utilized for the synthesis of polylactide polymers, their associated potential for toxicity remains a concern, − especially when generating materials to be employed in biomedical applications. As a result, we sought to identify a novel means of arriving at the requisite naloxone-initiated polymer 4 without relying on tin-based ROP catalysis.…”

Preparation and characterization of phosphorylated graphene oxide grafted with poly(L‐lactide) and its effect on the crystallization, rheological behavior, and performance of poly (lactic acid)

“…These catalysts were applied extensively by researchers due to their covalent metal‐oxygen bonds and free p or d orbitals . Nowadays, nano‐ZnO was used as a green catalyst to avoid cytotoxicity of many organometallic compounds, including Sn (Oct) 2 . Zhen et al synthesized PLA by ring‐opening polymerization with D, L‐lactide as monomer, and zinc oxide pillared organic saponite as green catalyst.…”

“…26 Nowadays, nano-ZnO was used as a green catalyst to avoid cytotoxicity of many organometallic compounds, including Sn (Oct) 2 . 27 Zhen et al 28 synthesized PLA by ring-opening polymerization with D, L-lactide as monomer, and zinc oxide pillared organic saponite as green catalyst. Zheng et al 29 prepared PLA/amidated graphene oxide (AGO) nanocomposites by reactive extrusion process with L-lactide as raw material, zinc lactate as catalyst, hexamethylene diisocyanate as chain extender, and AGO as nano-nucleating agent prepared by amidation.…”

Controlled ring‐opening polymerization of l‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone catalyzed by aluminum‐based Lewis pairs or Lewis acid alone

“…One of the most common catalysts for the ROP of cyclic esters is tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate, (Sn(Oct) 2 ), which possesses good stability, availability, and moderate activity. Although long‐term release of tin ions from those polymers and their effects on living tissue have not yet been established, the toxicity of the residual tin compounds in the polymer could be a potential problem especially in their biomedical applications . Thus, development of new catalysts or initiators for the ROP of cyclic esters has been required.…”