Intracellular symbiosis of algae with possible involvement of mitochondrial dynamics

Song, Chihong; Murata, Kazuyoshi; Suzaki, Toshinobu

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01331-0

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Furthermore, fluffy projections were observed on the cell wall of the symbiotic chlorella. These characteristics were consistent with those of C. variabilis , which is symbiotic in the cells of P. bursaria 9 . The only difference was that in S. pyriformis , the symbiotic chlorella cells were scattered in the cytoplasm, whereas the symbiotic Chlorella in P. bursaria were anchored directly below the cell surface.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…For electron microscopy, cells were chemically fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide or by metal contact quick freezing as described previously 9 , 10 . After thin sectioning, samples on the grid mesh were stained with a lead citrate stain 11 and threefold diluted EM Stainer (a lanthanoid salts-based stain, Nisshin EM, Tokyo 12 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of a green Stentor with symbiotic algae growing in an extremely oligotrophic environment and storing large amounts of starch granules in its cytoplasm

Hoshina

Tsukii

Harumoto

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The genus Stentor is a relatively well-known ciliate owing to its lucid trumpet shape. Stentor pyriformis represents a green, short, and fat Stentor, but it is a little-known species. We investigated 124 ponds and wetlands in Japan and confirmed the presence of S. pyriformis at 23 locations. All these ponds were noticeably oligotrophic. With the improvement of oligotrophic culture conditions, we succeeded in long-term cultivation of three strains of S. pyriformis. The cytoplasm of S. piriformis contains a large number of 1–3 μm refractive granules that turn brown by Lugol’s staining. The granules also show a typical Maltese-cross pattern by polarization microscopy, strongly suggesting that the granules are made of amylopectin-rich starch. By analyzing the algal rDNA, it was found that all S. pyriformis symbionts investigated in this study were Chlorella variabilis. This species is known as the symbiont of Paramecium bursaria and is physiologically specialized for endosymbiosis. Genetic discrepancies between C. variabilis of S. pyriformis and P. bursaria may indicate that algal sharing was an old incident. Having symbiotic algae and storing carbohydrate granules in the cytoplasm is considered a powerful strategy for this ciliate to withstand oligotrophic and cold winter environments in highland bogs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a green Stentor with symbiotic algae growing in an extremely oligotrophic environment and storing large amounts of starch granules in its cytoplasm

Hoshina

Tsukii

Harumoto

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Several host mitochondria were observed surrounding the symbiotic microalgae and some were closely associated with the symbiosome, as has been observed in other photosymbioses (Fig. 5) (57,58). Host mitochondria may, therefore, also play a role in the metabolic connection between both partners.…”

Section: Physical Integration Of Microalgae Into the Host Cell: Symbiosomesupporting

confidence: 60%

Cytoklepty in the plankton: A host strategy to optimize the bioenergetic machinery of endosymbiotic algae

Uwizeye

Brisbin

Gallet

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Endosymbioses have shaped the evolutionary trajectory of life and remain ecologically important. Investigating oceanic photosymbioses can illuminate how algal endosymbionts are energetically exploited by their heterotrophic hosts and inform on putative initial steps of plastid acquisition in eukaryotes. By combining three-dimensional subcellular imaging with photophysiology, carbon flux imaging, and transcriptomics, we show that cell division of endosymbionts (Phaeocystis) is blocked within hosts (Acantharia) and that their cellular architecture and bioenergetic machinery are radically altered. Transcriptional evidence indicates that a nutrient-independent mechanism prevents symbiont cell division and decouples nuclear and plastid division. As endosymbiont plastids proliferate, the volume of the photosynthetic machinery volume increases 100-fold in correlation with the expansion of a reticular mitochondrial network in close proximity to plastids. Photosynthetic efficiency tends to increase with cell size, and photon propagation modeling indicates that the networked mitochondrial architecture enhances light capture. This is accompanied by 150-fold higher carbon uptake and up-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation, which, in conjunction with a ca.15-fold size increase of pyrenoids demonstrates enhanced primary production in symbiosis. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed major carbon allocation to plastids and transfer to the host cell. As in most photosymbioses, microalgae are contained within a host phagosome (symbiosome), but here, the phagosome invaginates into enlarged microalgal cells, perhaps to optimize metabolic exchange. This observation adds evidence that the algal metamorphosis is irreversible. Hosts, therefore, trigger and benefit from major bioenergetic remodeling of symbiotic microalgae with potential consequences for the oceanic carbon cycle. Unlike other photosymbioses, this interaction represents a so-called cytoklepty, which is a putative initial step toward plastid acquisition.

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“…have also been reported in fresh water fish [ 247 ] and mussels [ 248 ]. In contrary there exists a mutual relationship of the embryos of a salamander with green algae (Chlamydomonadales; until now no official description of the form exists) involving even an intracellular inclusion of the algal partner [ 249 ], and there are described various symbioses of protists with green algae [ 250 , 251 ].…”

Section: Pathogenic Algae and The Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

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Intracellular symbiosis of algae with possible involvement of mitochondrial dynamics

Cited by 31 publications

References 58 publications

Characterization of a green Stentor with symbiotic algae growing in an extremely oligotrophic environment and storing large amounts of starch granules in its cytoplasm

Characterization of a green Stentor with symbiotic algae growing in an extremely oligotrophic environment and storing large amounts of starch granules in its cytoplasm

Cytoklepty in the plankton: A host strategy to optimize the bioenergetic machinery of endosymbiotic algae

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

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