Intracellular morphogens: Specifying patterns at the subcellular scale

Hubatsch, Lars; Goehring, Nathan W.

doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.006

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…It is highly relevant to our discussion that molecular gradients can form inside cells (recently reviewed in Hubatsch and Goehring (2020)). In fact, the first well characterized morphogens in Drosophila ( bicoid and nanos ), form opposing antero‐posterior gradients during early stages of development when the embryo is effectively unicellular.…”

Section: Intracellular Protein Gradientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hubatsch and Goehring (Hubatsch & Goehring, 2020) consider that the role of the known intracellular gradients may be limited to generation of two subcellular regions of contrasting properties, for example, the cell poles versus the midbody. Thus, it would be important to learn whether intracellular gradients could generate multiple positioning outcomes across a single cell, something that ciliates may utilize to position organelles with remarkable precision.…”

Section: N T R Ac El Lu L a R Prot Ei N Gr A Di En Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anterior–posterior pattern formation in ciliates

Cole

Gaertig

2022

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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CILIATES seem simple when viewed through the familiar lens of multicellularity (one cell = simple, many cells = complex). Upon closer examination, ciliates exhibit a bewildering and sophisticated organizational complexity, in a staggering diversity of forms (Figure 1).When describing ciliates, we tend to draw on vocabulary from the more familiar metazoan reference despite entrance onto a unicellular theater. Conventionally, protozoologists assign anterior to the end of the cell that supports the mouth or oral apparatus (OA), while posterior refers to the region endowed with organs of excretion: the cytoproct (CYP) and contractile vacuole pores (CVPs), but these conventions quickly grow problematic. While serviceable for the Tetrahymena clade (Figures 1F and 2), in some ciliates such as Paramecium (Figure 1C), the OA is located roughly at midbody, and CVPs assemble at both ends of the cell. A better convention is to orient anterior and posterior with respect to the direction of locomotion as ciliates usually swim with oral structures facing forward. Even in species in which the OA is centrally located, forward swimming is the direction that propels food particles into the oral cavity. The side of the cell harboring the OA (often "face down" as in the hypotrich ciliates, Figure 1A), is assigned the term

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Section: Intracellular Protein Gradientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: N T R Ac El Lu L a R Prot Ei N Gr A Di En Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior–posterior pattern formation in ciliates

Cole

Gaertig

2022

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…Supported by the discussed above modern technologies, we are presently confident that many proteins, e.g., TGFβ, bone morphogenetic proteins, sonic hedgehog and WNTs, fully qualify for the role of extracellular morphogens. Interestingly, the concept of morphogens can be also productively extended into intracellular morphogenesis within the framework of the activator-substrate model (Hubatsch and Goehring, 2020 ). Perhaps, the best characterized intracellular morphogens are small GTPases that form membrane localized prepatterns for cytoskeletal structures and in the context of the establishment of cell polarity (Goryachev and Leda, 2017 , 2019 , 2020 ).…”

Section: Quo Vadis?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterning and Morphogenesis From Cells to Organisms: Progress, Common Principles and New Challenges

Goryachev

Mallo

2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…Intracellular gradients have been shown to be involved in a variety of processes in cells ( Folkmann and Seydoux, 2018 ; Reber and Goehring, 2015 ; Hubatsch and Goehring, 2020 ). A well-studied example is provided by the aforementioned Bicoid gradient in the fruit fly embryo, which plays a role in patterning gene expression along the length of the cell ( Gregor et al, 2005 ; Grimm et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to assemble a scale-invariant gradient

Datta

Ghosh

Kondev

2022

eLife

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Intracellular protein gradients serve a variety of functions, such as the establishment of cell polarity or to provide positional information for gene expression in developing embryos. Given that cell size in a population can vary considerably, for the protein gradients to work properly they often have to be scaled to the size of the cell. Here, we examine a model of protein gradient formation within a cell that relies on cytoplasmic diffusion and cortical transport of proteins toward a cell pole. We show that the shape of the protein gradient is determined solely by the cell geometry. Furthermore, we show that the length scale over which the protein concentration in the gradient varies is determined by the linear dimensions of the cell, independent of the diffusion constant or the transport speed. This gradient provides scale-invariant positional information within a cell, which can be used for assembly of intracellular structures whose size is scaled to the linear dimensions of the cell, such as the cytokinetic ring and actin cables in budding yeast cells.

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Intracellular morphogens: Specifying patterns at the subcellular scale

Cited by 8 publications

References 144 publications

Anterior–posterior pattern formation in ciliates

Anterior–posterior pattern formation in ciliates

Patterning and Morphogenesis From Cells to Organisms: Progress, Common Principles and New Challenges

How to assemble a scale-invariant gradient

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