Intracapsular pressures in the flexion-abduction-external rotation and flexion-adduction-internal rotation tests and their comparison with classic hip range of motion: A cadaveric assessment

Combined computational analysis and cytology show limited depth osteogenic effect on bone defects in negative pressure wound therapy

“…Bone structure, as well as the nourishing vessels, the lymphatic vessels, soft tissue are damaged when open fractures occur. Bone nourishing vessels and lymphangion connect to the circulatory system and thus fluid enters the bone marrow compartment ( Beverly et al, 2018 ; Beverly and Murray, 2018 ; Chang et al, 2021 ; St-Pierre et al, 2022 ); furthermore, intraosseous pressure (pressure inside the bone marrow compartment) can up to tens of mmHg, allowing NPWT work. The results for shear stress (up to 100Pa) and velocity (up to 4 m/s) imply a flow rate of tens of liters per hour, which seems to reflect the unrealistic boundary conditions in this study, but there are two clinical scenarios need to be highlighted: ①In the case of large amounts of fluid (tens of milliliters) present in some severe fracture wounds, the calculated flow rate is reasonable but may only be valid for a short time because the amount of fluid is always limited and the broken capillaries, lymphatic vessels and damaged soft tissue (from which the fluid is coming) will gradually heal and close; ②When the substantial liquid was drained, or the liquid only exude at a low level, the vacuum pump can still generate negative pressure but there is not enough liquid to form a clear flow, resulting in a draw volume of a few milliliters per hour.…”