Intraarterial vs Intravenous Administration of Antivenin for the Treatment of Crotalide atrox Antivenin for the Treatment of Crotalidae atrox Envenomation: A Pilot Study

Abstract

i.a. antivenin results in a modest but significant decrease in tissue edema when compared with i.v..

Pressure immobilization delays mortality and increases intracompartmental pressure after artificial intramuscular rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model

“…Pigs have been used successfully in previous envenomation research. 8,9 According to previous research, 8 the mortality in control pigs treated with C atrox venom at 20 mg/kg was estimated to be 100%. We were unable to perform a sample size calculation because of the absence of baseline data on time to mortality and compartment pressures.…”

“…[8][9][10][11][12] Additionally, we believed that the pig was the best animal model to simulate the human response to envenomation under the conditions of our experiment. Pigs have been used successfully in previous envenomation research.…”

Pressure-Immobilization Bandages Delay Toxicity in a Porcine Model of Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) Envenomation

“…A porcine model was chosen by considerations of availability, cost, acceptability to the institutional animal review committee for experimental study, the expectation that venom toxicity is similar to that seen in humans, and literature supporting its use. [35][36][37][38] The university animal care use committee approved the study. Subjects were 12 pigs ranging from 9.1 kg to 11.4 kg.…”

Regional vs Systemic Antivenom Administration in the Treatment of Snake Venom Poisoning in a Rabbit Model: A Pilot Study☆

“…Although some authors have attempted to find ways to maximize antivenom exposure to venom components at the bite site in the hopes of limiting necrosis, none, to our knowledge, have met with significant success to date. Bania et al 22 studied intra-arterial administration of ACP in a porcine model of rattlesnake venom poisoning and found a ''modest'' reduction in soft tissue swelling, but they did not measure or evaluate necrosis. McCollough and Gennaro 23 used radiolabeled antivenom in a dog model that compared intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SQ) administration and found that more antivenom got to the venom injection site by the IV route (84.9% compared to 1.43% and 5.6%, respectively).…”