Intra-layer closed-loop control of build plan during directed energy additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V

Nassar, Abdalla R.; Keist, Jayme S.; Reutzel, Edward W.; Spurgeon, Todd J.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2015.03.005

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Table 4, which summarizes DED (laser) tensile properties, shows similar general characteristics of orientation-and machine-dependent properties, with values for as-built yield strength, UTS, and elongation to failure generally between the values exhibited in Tables 2 and 3 for PBF (EBM) and PBF (laser), respectively. The combinations of P and V shown in Figure 1 for DED generally produce α + β lamellar microstructures, with prior β grain sizes somewhat larger than those obtained from PBF (laser) due to the slower cooling rates typically present in DED (57,59,(134)(135)(136)(137). Table 4 also shows that HIP can result in significant increases to the elongation-tofailure values via the elimination of process-induced defects.…”

Section: Quasi-static Properties: Tensile and Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Approved for public release (PA): distribution unlimited. α + β lamellar microstructures [with prior β grain sizes that can be affected or controlled by the combinations of P and V utilized in the process (134)(135)(136)(137)(138)(139)(140)]. EBM AM materials typically possess lower levels of residual stresses in the as-built condition than do materials made by laser-based techniques that typically use no preheat; the faster cooling rates typically produce highly nonequilibrium microstructures [e.g., martensite in PBF (laser) Ti-6Al-4V] and much higher levels of residual stress that require subsequent stress relief treatments, as described below.…”

Section: Quasi-static Properties: Tensile and Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties

Lewandowski

Seifi

2016

Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.

1,312

519

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Section: Quasi-static Properties: Tensile and Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Quasi-static Properties: Tensile and Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties

Lewandowski

Seifi

2016

Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.

1,312

519

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“…Additional simple wall structures were fabricated using a 0.5 kW laser based DED on a LENS® MR-7 system (Optomec) with a ytterbium-doped fiber laser (IPG YLR-500-SM). Details on the system can be found elsewhere [48]. The processing chamber was purged with high purity argon gas, and oxygen levels were maintained below 20 ppm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of strength-hardness relationships in additively manufactured titanium alloys

Keist

Palmer

2017

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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A major concern for additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V components is how AM processing parameters and post-process heat treatments impact the resulting mechanical behavior. The applicability of using microhardness measurements as a predictive tool for yield and tensile strengths of AM Ti-6Al-4Vwould provide a rapid and useful screening mechanism for ensuring that properties meet requirements in complex geometries. However, microhardness measurements on Ti-6Al-4V exhibit high levels of data variability due to the orientational impact of the α phase. In order to overcome this variability in hardness measurements, a methodology

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“…Monitors the melt-pool characteristics and temperature [81,[113][114][115][116][117][118] High energy X-ray diffraction and imaging…”

Section: Study Technique Function Reported Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design

2019

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a new paradigm for the design and production of high-performance components for aerospace, medical, energy, and automotive applications. This review will exclusively cover directed energy deposition (DED)-AM, with a focus on the deposition of powder-feed based metal and alloy systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the classification of DED systems, process variables, process physics, modelling efforts, common defects, mechanical properties of DED parts, and quality control methods. To provide a practical framework to print different materials using DED, a process map using the linear heat input and powder feed rate as variables is constructed. Based on the process map, three different areas that are not optimized for DED are identified. These areas correspond to the formation of a lack of fusion, keyholing, and mixed mode porosity in the printed parts. In the final part of the paper, emerging applications of DED from repairing damaged parts to bulk combinatorial alloys design are discussed. This paper concludes with recommendations for future research in order to transform the technology from “form” to “function,” which can provide significant potential benefits to different industries.

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Intra-layer closed-loop control of build plan during directed energy additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V

Cited by 71 publications

References 22 publications

Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties

Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties

Development of strength-hardness relationships in additively manufactured titanium alloys

State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design

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