Intra‐individual differences in the effect of endurance versus resistance training on vascular function: A cross‐over study

Abstract

We used a within‐subject, cross‐over design study to compare the impact of 4‐weeks' resistance (RT) versus endurance (END) training on vascular function. We subsequently explored the association of intra‐individual effects of RT versus END on vascular function with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the NOS3 gene. Thirty‐five healthy males (21 ± 2 years old) were genotyped for the NOS3 rs2070744 SNP and completed both training modalities. Participants completed 12 sessions over a 4‐week period, either RT (leg‐extension) or END (cycling) training in a randomized, balanced cross‐over design with a 3‐week washout period. Participants performed peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) and leg‐extension single‐repetition maximum (1‐RM) testing, and vascular function assessment using flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) on 3 separated days pre/post‐training. Peak VO2 increased after END (p < 0.001), while 1‐RM increased after RT (p < 0.001). FMD improved after 4‐weeks’ training (time effect: p = 0.006), with no difference between exercise modalities (interaction effect: p = 0.92). No relation was found between individual changes (delta, pre‐post) in FMD to both types of training (R2 = 0.06, p = 0.14). Intra‐individual changes in FMD following END and RT were associated with the NOS3 SNP, with TT homozygotes significantly favoring only END (p = 0.016) and TC/CC tending to favor RT only (p = 0.056). Although both training modes improved vascular function, significant intra‐individual variation in the adaptation of FMD was found. The association with NOS3 genotype suggests a genetic predisposition to FMD adapting to a specific mode of chronic exercise. This study therefore provides novel evidence for personalized exercise training to optimize vascular health.

Genetic Biomarkers of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Reserves in Athletes

“…The predominant role of CMA1 in the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I in the human myocardium has been confirmed by numerous research works [30,31,32,33,34]. Using specific antibodies Ferrario C.M.…”

“…Using specific antibodies Ferrario C.M. et al (2016) [34] showed high expression of CBFA1 in atrial cardiomyocytes of patients with various cardiac pathologies, and its activity was significantly higher in the left than in the right atrium. However, studies examining the role of CMA1 in myocardial remodeling in athletes are extremely few.…”

“…eNOS regulates BP [33]. Some SNVs of the NOS3 gene are associated with a tendency to spasm of coronary vessels [34] and peripheral vessels [35]. Physical exercises have been shown to enhance endothelial NO-dependent dilation of both large and small vessels [36,37].…”

“…In the study by Dawson E.A. et al [34], the association between the alleles (genotypes) SNV rs2070744 of the NOS3 gene with interindividual differences in changes in the function of the cardiovascular system after performing physical activities of different orientation (4-week resistance training and endurance training) was studied. Firstly, the authors found that both training regimens were effective in building muscle strength.…”

Outcomes of Genetic Testing-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

“…Research has found considerable interindividual responses to a single-dose exercise program for maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max), which is achieved at the individual maximum load during incremental exercise testing [ 23 ]. The concept of genetic variation being associated with trainability has been extensively studied in relation to peak VO 2 , potentially explaining up to 50% of the variability in the change in peak VO 2 after endurance training [ 24 , 25 ]. Many previous large-scale trials and meta-analyses used the 6 MWT and peak VO 2 to demonstrate the physical and physiological benefits of routine cardiac rehabilitation [ 5 , 26 , 27 ].…”