“…It has been shown that polyandry, and the resultant intracolony genetic diversity of the worker force, confers numerous benefits to a colony (reviewed by Palmer and Oldroyd, 2000). First, genetic diversity may increase the behavioral diversity of the worker force (Fuchs and Schade, 1994;Oldroyd et al, 1994;Moritz and Fuchs, 1998;Mattila and Seeley, 2007), such as enabling colonies to exploit different foraging environments more efficiently (Lobo and Kerr, 1993;Mattila et al, 2008) or providing a buffer against fluctuations in the environment (Oldroyd et al, 1992;Page et al, 1995;Jones et al, 2004). Second, genetic diversity may reduce the impacts of diploid male production as a consequence of the single-locus sex determination system (Page, 1980;Ratnieks, 1990;Crozier and Pamilo, 1996;Tarpy and Page, 2002).…”