Intra-amygdala infusion of 2-chloroadenosine suppresses amygdala-kindled seizures

The Antiepileptic Potential of Nucleosides

“…Kindling (rat amygdala, and hippocampus) model Seizure suppression, seizure prevention [115,116,213,[258][259][260] Pilocarpine-induced (intraperitoneal injection) seizures in rats Blocked seizure appearance [258,261] Pilocarpine-induced (hippocampus) seizures in rats Seizure protection [262] Lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats Protective effect [216] Pentylenetetrazole-induced (intravenous application) seizures in rats Increased seizure threshold [265] Pentylenetetrazole-induced (intraperitoneal injection) seizures in rats Partial seizure protection [204] Pentylenetetrazole-induced (intraperitoneal injection) seizures in mice Increased seizure latency [118] Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats Suppressed/abolished tonic phase of generalized tonicclonic seizures [255] Kainic acid-induced (intraperitoneal injection) seizures in mice Increased seizure latency [118] Electroshock-induced seizures in rats Protective effect [263] Bicuculline-induced (rat prepiriform cortex) seizures Seizure protection [267] Bicuculline-induced (rat hippocampal slices) epileptiform activity Decreased epileptiform activity [168] 3-mercaptopropionic acid-induced (intraperitoneal injection) seizures in mice…”

“…Both A 1 receptor agonists N 6 -cyclohexyl-adenosine (CHA) and N 6 -cyclopentyl-adenosine (CPA) (Table 3) suppressed the development of status epilepticus in electrical stimulation mod-els in rats [257]. An Ado analogue A 1 receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine (2-CLA) ( Table 3) showed antiseizure effects in amygdaloid and hippocampal kindled rats [115,116,213,[258][259][260], pilocarpine-induced seizures [216,258,261,262], electroshock-induced seizures [263], Mg 2+ -free conditions [219,264], PTZ-induced seizures [118,204,255,265], 3-nitropropionic-acid-induced seizures [266], kainic-acidand 3-mercaptopropionic-acid-induced seizures [118] and bicuculline-induced seizures [168,267].…”

Amygdala adenosine A1 receptors have no anticonvulsant effect on piriform cortex-kindled seizures in rat

“…Arrows show the stimulation time. nmol/L significantly reduces amygdala ADD and other seizure parameters in amygdala-kindled rats (Pourgholami et al 1997;Rosen and Berman 1987). Another possibility is that the high doses of CHA administered in the amygdala might be nonselective, activating other adenosine receptors (e.g., A 2A ) with effects on neuronal firing opposite to that of A 1 receptors (Etherington and Frenguelli 2004).…”

“…In previous studies, it has been shown that microinjection of adenosine receptor agonists into the amygdala (Pourgholami et al 1997), the hippocampus (Alasvand-Zarasvand et al 2001), and entorhinal cortex (Mohammad-Zadeh et al 2005) suppresses amygdala-kindled seizures. However, we have recently observed that activation of amygdala A 1 receptors has no anticonvulsant effect on entorhinal cortex-kindled seizures (MohammadZadeh et al 2005).…”

A1 adenosine receptors inhibit multiple voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel subtypes in acutely isolated rat basolateral amygdala neurons

“…Rat models of fear/anxiety have implicated the basolateral complex (BLA), as being centrally important in both the acquisition and expression of fear/apprehension‐related behaviours (reviewed in Davis, 1992 ). Of particular relevance for the studies outlined below, infusion of the non‐selective adenosine receptor agonist 2‐chloroadenosine (CADO) into the basolateral amygdala suppresses seizure activity following amygdala kindling ( Abdul‐Ghani et al ., 1997 ; Pourgholami et al ., 1997 ), the long‐term decrease in seizure threshold brought about by repeated electrical stimulation. In fact, adenosine receptor activation can even prevent the acquisition of amygdala kindling ( Abdul‐Ghani et al ., 1997 ).…”