Intimate partner violence and its association with women's reproductive health in Pakistan

Zakar, Rubeena; Zakar, Muhammad Zakria; Mikolajczyk, Rafael; Krämer, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.10.032

Cited by 51 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For analytical purposes, the reproductive health status variable was dichotomized as Bgood^(0-9 score) and Bpoor^(10-12 score) reproductive health (Zakar 2012). Similarly, the mental health variable was dichotomized into Bgood^(0-7 score) and Bpoor^(8-20 score) mental health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically, patriarchal norms and tendencies of hegemonic masculinity are stronger in rural areas than urban centers (Zakar 2012;Riddell et al 2009). Generally, rural women are treated as subordinate to men and perceived to be the custodians of family honor (Critelli 2010).…”

Section: Domestic Violence Against Rural Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The health of an individual cannot be protected if the individual faces any kind of violence, be it within the domestic sphere or outside home (Zakar 2012). Violence committed in the domestic sphere is even more harmful and permanently damaging for women because the power equation is highly tilted in the favor of men .…”

Section: Domestic Violence: Intersection Of Health and Human Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of a total of 51 RHCs in five districts, 20 (40 %) RHCs were randomly selected. Based on the previous experience of the first researcher in research of a similar nature (Zakar 2012;Zakar et al 2012), we calculated the sample size by using 50 % prevalence of DV in the study areas. The degree of precision Bd^for p=0.1 to 0.8 was defined as d=0.05, according to desired confidence level of 5 %, Z=1.96.…”

Section: Selection Of Respondentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure of the interview schedule was 1) socio-demographic characteristics; 2) women's experiences of violence; and 3) women's health conditions; any history of injury, mental and reproductive health complaints (Zakar 2012;Zakar et al 2012;Zakar et al 2013).…”

Section: Tools Of Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domestic Violence Against Rural Women in Pakistan: An Issue of Health and Human Rights

Zakar

Abbas

2015

J Fam Viol

Self Cite

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Pakistani women living in rural areas are particularly vulnerable to violence because of their relatively weaker social position and lack of awareness about their legal rights. We investigated domestic violence against rural women and its association with women's health. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from Rural Health Center of five selected districts by conducting face-to-face interviews from 490 randomly selected women of reproductive age. The data showed that about 65 % of the interviewed women had experienced different types of violence, with psychological violence being the most common. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women's low education, low income, and marriage at an early age were significantly associated with domestic violence. Additionally, Domestic violence was significantly associated with poor mental and reproductive health. These findings may be useful in developing public health programs to address domestic violence against rural women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Domestic Violence Against Rural Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Domestic Violence: Intersection Of Health and Human Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Of Respondentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tools Of Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domestic Violence Against Rural Women in Pakistan: An Issue of Health and Human Rights

Zakar

Abbas

2015

J Fam Viol

Self Cite

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Reproductive health care seeking behavior in Bangladesh: A systematic literature review

Khanam,

Aktar,

Mahamud

et al. 2024

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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BackgroundMaternal health, in terms of pregnancy and childbirth, is an important aspect of women's reproductive health and remains a public health concern in underdeveloped countries of the world. Reproductive health care seeking behavior (RHSB), in both men and women in society, is influenced by a variety of social and environmental factors that needs to be summarized.ObjectivesThis review aims to enhance understanding and perception of services in relation to RHSBs in several domains such as antenatal care (ANC), delivery care, postnatal care (PNC), and family planning (FP) services, for married women of reproductive age in Bangladesh.Search StrategyIn major databases, for example, Medline, Ovid, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest and Google Scholar following keywords, timeline set as 2010 up to December 30, 2022.Selection CriteriaArticles that included discussion on married women of reproductive age, and their type of care seeking behavior for reproductive health.Data Collection and AnalysisA systematic literature search was carried out and expected outcome was health care seeking behavior in the aspects of ANC, delivery care, PNC, and FP services. A data extraction form and quality appraisal form were used for data on RHSB of married women of the reproductive age group in Bangladesh and associated factors.Main ResultsA total of 245 articles were retrieved from databases; stepwise screening was done and finally 23 full‐text articles were included for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used based on the included articles for narrative synthesis. In the selected articles, 17 (73.91%) were cross‐sectional studies and more than half discussed both urban and rural women. Ante‐ and postnatal visits have proven to have positively influenced overall RHSB, as seen in Bangladesh. Grass root level workers play a major role in upgrading RHSB in women. Many factors limit rural access to mother and child health services including distance of the health facility and cost of the health service.ConclusionsIn particular, education level, women's autonomy in family decision making and distance from health service can be considered as factors influencing RHSBs in Bangladesh. Exposure to mass media and TV watching are likely to positively impact RHSB patterns for women in Bangladesh.

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Community stakeholders’ perspectives regarding acceptability of a life skills building intervention to empower women in Pakistan

Ali

Karmaliani

Shah

et al. 2020

Research in Nursing & Health

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Violence against women (VAW) is a major determinant in the assessment of a women's mental health. Many interventions have addressed strategies to reduce VAW, however, little information is available regarding effectiveness in the local context, particularly the role of men in women's empowerment. In Pakistan, a qualitative approach was undertaken in all four of its provinces to describe the community residents', both men and women, perceptions regarding the acceptability of a proposed life skills building (LSB) intervention involving men's engagement with regards to women's empowerment and VAW. Eighteen focus group discussions were conducted with men and women from locales within each province of Pakistan, averaging 6-10 participants per group. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted with community stakeholders. The analysis identified three major themes: family life and male engagement, LSB training as an empowerment tool, and operationalization of the proposed LSB intervention. The proposed LSB intervention was well accepted by the participants with a strong urge to engage men in receiving the LSB training sessions. Men's engagement has been identified as an important element to facilitate women's empowerment. Participants suggested that these sessions should be held for two and a half hours per week within the community public spaces. In addition, these sessions should be based on an interactive approach. The focus of these sessions should include ideas surrounding positive relationships and economic skills building. Moreover, men's engagement will help to reduce VAW and improve the mental health of women in a patriarchal country like Pakistan.

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Intimate partner violence and its association with women's reproductive health in Pakistan

Abstract: The results highlight the magnitude of violence and its association with reproductive health of women. Urgent action is needed to mitigate the violence and its consequential damage to health.

Cited by 51 publications

References 21 publications

Domestic Violence Against Rural Women in Pakistan: An Issue of Health and Human Rights

Domestic Violence Against Rural Women in Pakistan: An Issue of Health and Human Rights

Reproductive health care seeking behavior in Bangladesh: A systematic literature review

Community stakeholders’ perspectives regarding acceptability of a life skills building intervention to empower women in Pakistan

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