Intimate Partner Violence and Cigarette Smoking: Association Between Smoking Risk and Psychological Abuse With and Without Co-Occurrence of Physical and Sexual Abuse

109

Background: Moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects 8%-20% of premenopausal women and causes substantial levels of impairment, but few modifiable risk factors for PMS have been identified. Adiposity may impact risk through the complex interaction of hormonal and neurochemical factors, but it is not known if adiposity increases a woman's risk of developing PMS. We have addressed these issues in a prospective study nested within the Nurses' Health Study 2. Methods: Participants were a subset of women aged 27-44 and free from PMS at baseline, including 1057 women who developed PMS over 10 years of follow-up and 1968 controls. Body mass index (BMI), weight change and weight cycling were assessed biennially via questionnaire. Results: We observed a strong linear relationship between BMI at baseline and risk of incident PMS, with each 1 kg=m 2 increase in BMI associated with a significant 3% increase in PMS risk (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05). After adjustment for age, smoking, physical activity, and other factors, women with BMI 27.5 kg=m 2 at baseline had significantly higher risks of PMS than women with BMI <20 kg=m 2 ( p trend ¼ 0.003). A large weight change between age 18 and the year 1991 was significantly associated with PMS risk, whereas weight cycling during this period was not. BMI was positively associated with specific symptoms, including swelling of extremities, backache, and abdominal cramping (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that maintaining a healthy body mass may be important for preventing the development of PMS. Additional studies are needed to assess whether losing weight would benefit overweight and obese women who currently experience PMS.

Section: The Nhs2 Premenstrual Syndrome Substudymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiposity and the Development of Premenstrual Syndrome

Bertone‐Johnson

Hankinson

Willett

et al. 2010

109

“…Demographic variables included the following: age (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), and ‡50 years); race (white vs. other); education (less than HS, HS diploma, General Educational Development (GED), and >high school diploma); marital status (married, divorced or separated, widowed, never been married, and living with a partner); annual household income; number and age of people living at residence of participant; and health insurance (private, government assisted, or none). In addition, the following measures were collected and/or variables derived.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 Adult sexual and intimate partner violence exposure is also associated with smoking, along with other risk factors for smoking, including lower socioeconomic position, younger age, and increased depression. [30][31][32][33] In the United States, current or past intimate partner violence exposure is associated with elevated odds for smoking, 28,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] with current smoking odds 2.1 times that of nonexposed women. 38,41 Multiple instances of physical and sexual abuse by a partner further accentuates this risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…38,41 Multiple instances of physical and sexual abuse by a partner further accentuates this risk. 37 Preliminary evidence suggests that physical intimate partner violence exposure, one type of GBV, is associated with smoking among women in Ohio Appalachia. 34 In a population-based sample, the unadjusted odds of smoking among Ohio Appalachian women with a lifetime history of physical intimate partner violence was 3.47 times the odds of smoking among women with no exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Risk Factors for Smoking in Rural Women: The Role of Gender-Based Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence

Nemeth

Bonomi

Lü

et al. 2016

Background: Women living in Ohio Appalachia experience cervical cancer at disproportionately high rates. Intimate partner and sexual gender-based violence (GBV) and smoking are independent risk factors for cervical cancer and interact to heighten risk. Appalachian women smoke at higher rates than other Ohio women, but little is known about GBV exposure in the region. The purpose of this study was to establish prevalence of women's exposure to GBV in Ohio Appalachia and examine the association between GBV and smoking among women in the region. Methods: A two-phase address-based random sampling approach was used in three purposefully selected Ohio Appalachian counties to identify women to complete an interviewer administered cross-sectional survey (n = 398). The primary exposure variable was GBV Index Score, a 4 level indices representing increasing exposure to eight abuse types. Correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to examine smoking correlations and risk. Results: Almost 57% of women in the three selected Ohio Appalachian counties experienced GBV, with rate increasing to 77.5% among current smokers. The distribution of the GBV Exposure Index Score was significantly different across smoking status ( p < = 0.0001), with exposure of GBV increasing when moving from never, to former, to current smokers. When controlling for depression, age, and adult socioeconomic position, GBV Exposure Index was significantly associated with current smoking behavior (OR:1.62, 95% CI [1.21-2.17]). Discussion: Professionals working to reduce disparate disease burden among women in Ohio Appalachia should consider the role GBV plays in health behavior and behavioral change interventions, including smoking and smoking cessation.

“…There were significant age differences, with oldest participants ( > 65 group) reporting no problems and participants aged [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] reporting the most problems at 38% (chi-square = 67.1, p < 0.001). There were significant differences by sexual orientation, with bisexuals reporting significantly more cooccurring disorders at 44% (chi-square = 17.9, p < 0.001).…”

Section: Co-occurring Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and Behavioral Health of Women

Jessup

Dibble

Cooper

2012

Smoking in women was associated with significantly higher rates of mental health and substance abuse problems. Substance abuse, being in a treatment setting, IPV, African American and mixed ethnicity, Medicaid insurance status, reduced income, and no home ownership were identified as predictors of smoking. Screening and evaluation of smoking status, mental health, substance use disorders, and the presence and impact of violence are essential for women's health.