Intimate partner violence among married couples in India and contraceptive use reported by women but not husbands

Reed, Elizabeth; Saggurti, Niranjan; Donta, Balaiah; Ritter, Julie; Dasgupta, Anindita; Ghule, Mohan; Battala, Madhusudana; Nair, Saritha; Silverman, Jay G.; Jadhav, Arun Bhargav; Palaye, Prajakta; Raj, Anita

doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.10.007

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Concealment of contraceptive use can produce major penalties for women. It can put them at the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) due to the covert contraceptive use and, in some cases, put their very union at stake [6,[53][54][55][56]. On the contrary, the exposure to IPV and sexual and reproductive coercion itself can be a reason for covert contraceptive use among women, particularly in societies with low women empowerment [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The practice of hiding family planning has been found to be common among married adolescent girls in Nigeria [4]. In India, only a few studies have explored this dimension and found that the prevalence of covert contraceptive use varies from 18 to 68% [5][6][7]. While the practice of CCU in India has been inadequately studied as we have not come across any nationwide systematic study that has attempted to link husband's egalitarian gender attitude and CCU among Indian married women (age 15-49 years).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Covert use of reversible contraceptive methods and its association with husband’s egalitarian gender attitude in India

Vishwakarma

Shekhar

2022

BMC Public Health

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Background In a patriarchal society, women often keep their use of contraceptives secret in order to meet their reproductive goals and satisfy their reproductive preferences. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, women’s covert contraceptive use and its association with husband’s gender attitude have not been studied in the Indian settings. The present study estimates the extent of covert modern contraceptive use (CCU) among women and its linkage with husbands’ gender attitudes in India. Methods The study is based on fecund and monogamous couples using modern, reversible contraceptive methods. The numbers of such couples were 4,825 and 7,824 in the national family health surveys 2005–06 and 2015–16 respectively. The outcome variable in the study was CCU, while the independent variables were husband’s gender attitude, women’s education, freedom of mobility, freedom to spend money independently, surviving number of children, concordance regarding additional children, couple-level information such as age and educational gap between spouses, and some socioeconomic status (SES) variables. We used latent class analysis to measure the gender attitude and used bivariate descriptive analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression to assess the linkages between husband’s gender attitude and CCU. Results This study found that the prevalence of CCU increased from 15% in 2005–06 to 27% in 2015–16. In both the time periods, contraceptive pills were the most preferred covert method, followed by intrauterine device (IUD). The results of the multivariate logistic regression show that women with husbands of moderate and low egalitarian gender attitudes were, respectively, 50% and 40% more likely to hide their contraceptive use than those with husbands of a high gender attitude. Women’s education, wealth index, number of living children, and region of residence were also found to be significantly associated with CCU. Conclusion The study reveals that husband’s low egalitarian gender attitude can be a potential barrier between spouses, preventing them from opening up about their fertility preferences and contraceptive needs to each other. A couple-oriented approach to family planning is needed so that both members of a couple can satisfy their fertility desires and preferences eventually.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Covert use of reversible contraceptive methods and its association with husband’s egalitarian gender attitude in India

Vishwakarma

Shekhar

2022

BMC Public Health

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“…A high prevalence of intimate partner violence has been reported in neighboring regions as well. For instance, prevalence of physical violence by husbands is reported to be 35.9% in Maharashtra, India (62), and psychological IPV to be 75.9% in a multihospital based study in Pakistan (63). Nevertheless, exposure to all the three forms of violence may increase the risk of prenatal depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan

et al. 2021

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Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Methods: Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan, a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were included in the study. Depression was assessed using “Patient health questionnaire” (PHQ9) in Urdu, with a cut-off score of 10. Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to assess perceived social support. Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) were used to measure stressful life events in past 1 year. Tool to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) was based on WHO Multi Country Study on “Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women.”Results: Prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%. Number of pregnancies was significantly associated with prenatal depression (p < 0.01). Women living in a joint family and those who perceived themselves as moderately satisfied or not satisfied with their life in the next 4 years were found to be depressed (p < 0.01, OR 6.9, CI 1.77–26.73). Depressive symptomatology in women who experienced more than five stressful life events in last 1 year was three times higher (p < 0.001, OR 3.2, CI 1.68–5.98) than in women with 1–2 stressful events. Women who were supported by their significant others or their family members had 0.9 times (p < 0.01, OR 0.9, CI 0.85–0.96) less chance of getting depressed. Pregnant women who were psychologically abused by their partners were 1.5 times more depressed (p < 0.05 CI 1.12–2.51). Odds of having depression was also high in women who had less mean score of MSSI (p < 0.05, OR 1.1, CI 1.01–1.09). Women who had suitable accommodation had 0.5 times less chance of having depression than others (p < 0.05, OR 0.5, CI 0.27–0.92).Conclusion: Over a quarter of the women in the study population reported prenatal depression, which were predicted predominantly by psychosocial variables.

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“…Several studies have reported that women are less educated, and pregnant with husbands who drink alcohol have higher risks to domestic violence [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Women who are less empowered, resides in rural areas and married to husbands who are from abusive homes, thus, ever experienced their father beating their mothers stands higher risks of domestic violence [10,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Conversely, several literature evidenced that higher educational level for both women and men (husbands), women from wealthy families, empowered women and residing in urban areas were protective factors against domestic violence [11-13, 15, 19, 21, 25, 26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic violence among married women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe: a cross sectional study

et al. 2020

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Background: Domestic violence does not only violate women's fundamental human rights but it also undermines them from achieving their fullest potential around the world. This study was conducted to assess trends and factors associated with domestic violence among married women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe. Method: This was a cross-sectional study which used secondary data obtained from 2005/06, 2010/11 and 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Surveys (ZDHS). Respondents ranged from married or living with a partner (15-49 years). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with domestic violence. Results: Out of 4472 women who were currently married, 1907 (42.7%) had ever experienced one form of domestic violence (physical, emotional and sexual violence). Women aged 40-49 was deemed a protective factor against domestic violence. Risk of domestic violence was higher among working women than unemployed women [AOR = 1.35; p ≤ 0.047]. Women who drink alcohol significantly risk experiencing domestic violence compared to their non-drinking counterpart; also women whose husbands drink alcohol were at higher risk of experiencing domestic violence [AOR = 1.35; p ≤ 0.001]. Domestic violence was higher among women whose husbands have ever experienced their fathers beating their mothers and significant for women whose husbands have more than one wife (polygamy) [AOR = 1.35; p ≤ 0.001]. High parity (5 or more children) was also a risk factor for domestic violence among the studied population [AOR = 1.35; p ≤ 0.038]. Conclusion: Domestic violence was found to be strongly associated with women whose husbands drink alcohol, products of abusive parents/father beating their mother and/or polygamous marriage (had more than one wife). Domestic violence still remains a challenge and a more biting policy efforts are needed to eradicate this public health canker in Zimbabwe.

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Intimate partner violence among married couples in India and contraceptive use reported by women but not husbands

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Covert use of reversible contraceptive methods and its association with husband’s egalitarian gender attitude in India

Covert use of reversible contraceptive methods and its association with husband’s egalitarian gender attitude in India

Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan

Domestic violence among married women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe: a cross sectional study

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