Intimate partner violence against reproductive-age women and associated factors in Peru: evidence from national surveys, 2015–2017

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate the factors associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) against reproductiveage women in Peru. Methods: Secondary analysis of the ENDES 2015-2017. ENDES is a multi-stage survey with a probabilistic sampling design for the urban and rural areas of the 25 regions of Peru. A total of 62,870 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) were included. IPV was defined as any report of violence (physical, psychological or sexual) committed by the last partner of the women. Categorical variables were described using absolute frequencies and weighted proportions. We used generalized linear models with Poisson family and log link function to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) for the associated factors with their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results: The overall IPV was 38.7%. The prevalence of sexual, psychological and physical IPV was 6.9%, 26.8%, and 31.2%, respectively. The frequency of any IPV was lower in younger women, those living with their intimate partners or married, and those living in a coastal region different from Lima. IPV was more frequent among women with a low educational level, or with a partner with low educational level, with children, with a partner with alcohol habit, in women with a history of violence by the father against the mother and living in the highlands or the jungle. Conclusions: In Peru, IPV affects nearly four in ten women (physical and psychological types were the most frequent). The factors associated with IPV can be useful markers to identify the most vulnerable groups for implementing interventions intended to decrease the prevalence of IPV.

Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Liberia: Findings from 2019–2020 Demographic and Health Survey

“…Acceptance of IPV by women was consistently shown to be associated with higher IPV reporting [ 9 , 13 ], and this was also borne out of this study. Alcohol use by one’s husband/partner was consistently associated with increased IPV experience by women [ 6 , 8 , 13 ], and this study reinforces this association. Finally, interparental violence determined by having witnessed one’s father physically beat up one’s mother was also associated with increased IPV [ 8 , 11 , 14 ], and the same association was found in this study as well.…”

“…Although, the reported association between age and IPV is conflicting, with evidence of both younger as well as older age having higher association [ 6 , 11 ]. IPV association with women having children is reported to be high in women with higher number of children [ 8 , 11 ]. However, in this study, having 1–2 children bestowed protection to women from IPV in a statistically significant manner, compared with women with no living children.…”

“…Based on previous studies [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], 10 variables at the individual, husband/partner, and familial levels were studied for association with respondents having ever experienced intimate partner violence, i.e., women’s age, women’s educational attainment, women’s occupation, wealth index of the household/family, residential status in terms of urban and rural, number of living children, participation in decision making, acceptance of IPV, husband/partner’s use of alcohol, and having witnessed one’s father physically beating up one’s mother. Details on the derivation of each explanatory variable is provided as under:…”

“…Lifetime physical and sexual IPV prevalence in ever partnered women aged 15–49 years were reported to be 27% globally, and 33% in WHO Africa region [ 5 ]. Myriad demographic, social, and cultural risk factors were identified in single country, multiple country, and meta-analyses studies for higher IPV prevalence against women, that include younger age, low household income, low educational attainment of women, having witnessed parental violence and intergenerational violence transmission, partner’s alcohol use, acceptance of violence by women, and rural residency status [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Notably, two important meta-analyses were recently reported that looked at selected risk factors associated with IPV.…”

Rural–urban migration as a factor associated with physical and sexual intimate partner violence Peru 2015–2017: a secondary analysis of a national study

“…In Peru, the IPV report for the last 12 months shows that although IPV has decreased in recent years, from 13.5% in 2009 to 10.6% in 2017, the change is not notable, and this figure is higher than in other parts of the world. However, within this change are differences according to indicators such as age, education, employment and wealth [ 16 , 17 ].…”