“…Recent studies have demonstrated that intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs frequently around the world, cutting across all socioeconomic, cultural, and religious boundaries (Chen et al, 2016; García-Moreno et al, 2005, 2006; Ogland et al, 2014; Wong et al, 2016, 2013; Xu, 1997; Xu et al, 2011, 2019; Zhang et al, 2019; Zhang & Zhao, 2018; Zheng et al, 2019). More importantly, multiple strands of evidence show that IPV victimization is associated with a myriad of pernicious physical, mental, and reproductive health outcomes globally, which is particularly pronounced for women who have experienced either lifetime or past year/month IPV (Garcia-Moreno et al, 2006; Wong et al, 2016).…”