Intimal Musculature of the Lower Anterior Spinal Artery

Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetics on the central and peripheral nervous systems: Neurotoxicity and neural blood flow

“…Spinal cord vessels (like cerebral vessels) are unresponsive to reflex stimuli from carotid baroreceptors or chemoreceptors. 28 Histologic studies confirm the existence of smooth muscle in anterior spinal arteries 29 and radicular veins, 30 suggesting the capacity of these vessels to alter SCBF in response to intrinsic or extrinsic vasoactive drugs; yet despite extensive sympathetic innervation, spinal cord vessels are less reactive to vasoactive agents than are extraneural vessels. 31,32 Indeed, autoregulation is mediated primarily by nonadrenergic endothelial factors in response to metabolic demand.…”

Blood supply and vascular reactivity of the spinal cord under normal and pathological conditions

“…1 and 2). 61,80 Fried and Aparicio 30 ligated the artery of Adamkiewicz and the ASA just above and just below the entrance of Adamkiewicz in monkeys to determine how the location of the blockage would alter perfusion of the spinal cord and neurological outcome. When the artery of Adamkiewicz was ligated just above the union of the vessels, neurological deficits were slight.…”

Lumbosacral anterolateral spinal arteries and brief review of ?accessory? longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord

“…Most of these are not direct branches of this artery, but secondarily arise as the first branches of the dorsally directed series of central (sulcal) arteries. As such, the quantitative aspects of their blood flow are then under the control of the ''buttonhole'' sphincters formed by the intimal layer of the ASA musculature that has been described guarding the orifices of the ASA central branches (Parke et al, 1995).…”