Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities

Wu, Xiaoyan; Xia, Yaoyao; He, Fang; Zhu, Congrui; Ren, Wenkai

doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x

Cited by 82 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(251 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…At present, there are three kinds of methods commonly used in studying intestinal microbiota: culture-dependent methods, culture-independent methods, and high-throughput sequencing (HTS). There are also several excellent literatures evaluating these methods in gut mycobiome, 173 virome, 174 and archaeome. 160 Nevertheless, most research tools still have some defects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut non-bacterial microbiota contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease

Gao

Zhu

et al. 2021

Gut Microbes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut non-bacterial microbiota contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease

Gao

Zhu

et al. 2021

Gut Microbes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The bacterial microbiota and fungal mycobiota residing in the GI tract contribute to the health or diseases of the host [ 1 – 5 ]. Disturbance in the intestinal microbiota has been linked to chicken NE [ 17 ], while the involvement of the mycobiome in NE is yet to be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bacterial microbiota is well known to be critically involved in host physiology and immune development [ 1 , 2 ]; however, the role of the fungal community, known as the mycobiota, that plays in health and diseases is less studied and understood. Recent studies have suggested that a healthy intestinal mycobiota appears to be important for maintaining host homeostasis, modulating host immune responses, and competitive exclusion of pathogens [ 3 – 5 ]. For example, colonization of C. albicans protects mice against infections of virulent fungi and bacteria by stimulating the expansion of Th17 cells, activating neutrophils, and thus enhancing host defense against extracellular pathogens in mice [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perturbations of the ileal mycobiota by necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

Liu

Robinson

Whitmore

et al. 2021

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Intestinal microbiota is critical for maintaining animal health and homeostasis. However, involvement of the fungal community, also known as the mycobiota, in animal health and disease is poorly understood. This study was aimed to examine the association between the intestinal mycobiota and the severity of necrotic enteritis (NE), an economically significant poultry disease. Methods A total of 90 day-of-hatch Cobb broilers were infected with Eimeria maxima on d 10, followed by an oral challenge with C. perfringens on d 14 to induce NE, while another 10 broilers were served as mock-infected controls. On d 17, the lesions in the jejunum were scored, and the ileal digesta were subjected to DNA isolation and real-time PCR quantification of total bacterial and fungi populations. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) amplicon sequencing was also performed to profile the ileal mycobiota composition. Changes in the ileal mycobiota in response to NE were investigated. Spearman correlation analysis was further conducted to identify the correlations between relative abundances of individual ileal fungi and the severity of NE. Results While the total bacterial population in the ileum was increased by 2- to 3-fold in NE chickens, the total fungal population was progressively declined in more exacerbated NE, with the most severely infected chickens showing a nearly 50-fold reduction relative to mock-infected controls. Richness of the ileal mycobiota also tended to reduce in chickens with NE (P = 0.06). Compositionally, among 30 most abundant fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), 11 were diminished and 7 were enriched (P < 0.05), while 12 remained largely unchanged in NE-afflicted chickens (P > 0.05). Multiple Wallemia and Aspergillus species were markedly diminished in NE (P < 0.05) and also showed a significant negative correlation with NE severity (P < 0.05). Conclusions Dysbiosis of the ileal mycobiota is induced evidently by NE and the extent of the dysbiosis is positively correlated with disease severity. These findings suggest a possible role of the intestinal mycobiota in NE pathogenesis and highlight the mycobiota as a new potential target for NE mitigation in poultry.

show abstract

“…Additionally, the otherwise advantage of FSTs to cross-react with other than the targeted fungi thus broadening their targeting repertoire involves the "off-target" risk of their activation by harmless commensal or symbionts, such as gut mycobiota. This activation could potentially lead to 'dysbiosis' and an imbalance of immune homeostasis, which may subsequently promote inflammation or drive pathogenesis [137][138][139]. Although it has not yet been addressed if such CD4+ T cell activation is directly driving pathogenesis or it is simply an epiphenomenon to preceding intestinal barrier disruption and a similar "off-target" effect has not been reported after administration of Aspergillus-specific T cells [41,62], activation of FSTs toward mycobiota cannot be excluded.…”

Section: Fsts Outside the Allogeneic Transplantation Context?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing the Immunocompromised Host Defense against Fungi: Progress beyond the Current State of the Art

Karavalakis

Yannaki

Παπαδοπούλου

2021

JoF

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite the availability of a variety of antifungal drugs, opportunistic fungal infections still remain life-threatening for immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation. Suboptimal efficacy, toxicity, development of resistant variants and recurrent episodes are limitations associated with current antifungal drug therapy. Adjunctive immunotherapies reinforcing the host defense against fungi and aiding in clearance of opportunistic pathogens are continuously gaining ground in this battle. Here, we review alternative approaches for the management of fungal infections going beyond the state of the art and placing an emphasis on fungus-specific T cell immunotherapy. Harnessing the power of T cells in the form of adoptive immunotherapy represents the strenuous protagonist of the current immunotherapeutic approaches towards combating invasive fungal infections. The progress that has been made over the last years in this field and remaining challenges as well, will be discussed.

show abstract

Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities

Cited by 82 publications

References 188 publications

Gut non-bacterial microbiota contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease

Gut non-bacterial microbiota contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease

Perturbations of the ileal mycobiota by necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

Reinforcing the Immunocompromised Host Defense against Fungi: Progress beyond the Current State of the Art

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About