Intestinal Microsporidiosis Due to<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>in Elderly Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Patients from Vigo, Spain

Beatriz, Lores; López-Miragaya, Isabel; Amado, Cristina; Fenoy, S.; Torres, Julio; Águila, C. del

doi:10.1086/339205

Cited by 105 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The first suggestion that microsporidia are associated with human infections was made in 1924, and up to 1985, there were less than a dozen reports of human microsporidiosis (Wittner and Weiss, 1999). Since 1985 with the recognition that Enterocytozoon bieneusi causes diarrhoea in patients with AIDS (Desportes et al, 1985), many infections with different species of microsporidia have been reported from all over the world and microsporidia are now frequently recognised as etiologic agents of opportunistic infections in persons with AIDS, and more recently, in organ transplant recipients, patients being treated with immunosuppressive drugs and immunocompetent patients (Weber and Bryan, 1994;Sax et al, 1995;Wanke et al, 1996;Bryan et al, 1997;Raynaud et al, 1998;Gumbo et al, 1999;Wittner and Weiss, 1999;Metge et al, 2000;Lores et al, 2002;Lewis et al, 2003).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Weiss

2005

International Journal for Parasitology

125

111

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All of the members of the Microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialised structure, the polar tube. This article reviews the available data on the organisation, structure and function of this invasion organelle. It was over 100 years ago that Thelohan accurately described the microsporidian polar tube and the triggering of its discharge. In the spore, the polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation the polar tube rapidly discharges out of the spore pierces a cell membrane and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell. The mechanism of germination of spores, however, remains to be definitively determined. In addition, further studies on the characterisation of the early events in the rupture of the anterior attachment complex, eversion of the polar tube as well as the mechanism of host cell attachment and penetration are needed in order to clarify the function and assembly of this structure. The application of immunological and molecular techniques has resulted in the identification of three polar tube proteins referred to as PTP1, PTP2 and PTP3. The interactions of these identified proteins in the formation and function of the polar tube remain to be determined. Data suggest that PTP1 is an O-mannosylated glycoprotein, a post-translational modification that may be important for its function. With the availability of the Encephalitozoon cuniculi genome it is now possible to apply proteomic techniques to the characterisation of the components of the microsporidian spore and invasion organelle.

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Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Weiss

2005

International Journal for Parasitology

125

111

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“…Microsporidia cause self-limiting disease in immune-competent individuals; however, in HIV-infected patients and the elderly, it causes progressive infections (8)(9)(10). Symptoms in these high-risk groups can be severe and include chronic diarrhea, encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and hepatitis (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symptoms in these high-risk groups can be severe and include chronic diarrhea, encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and hepatitis (8,9). Incidentally, current drug regimens against this pathogen are only partially effective (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic TGF-β signaling promotes age-dependent CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality attrition

Bhadra¹,

Moretto

Castillo

et al. 2014

J. Clin. Invest.

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Advanced age is associated with immune system deficits that result in an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases; however, specific mediators of age-dependent immune dysfunction have not been fully elucidated. Here we demonstrated that aged mice exhibit poor effector CD8 + T cell polyfunctionality, primarily due to CD8 + T cell-extrinsic deficits, and that reduced CD8 + T cell polyfunctionality correlates with increased susceptibility to pathogenic diseases. In aged animals challenged with the parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi, effector CD8 + T cell survival and polyfunctionality were suppressed by highly elevated TGF-β1. Furthermore, TGF-β depletion reduced effector CD8 + T cell apoptosis in both young and aged mice and enhanced effector CD8 + T cell polyfunctionality in aged mice. Surprisingly, intrinsic blockade of TGF-β signaling in CD8 + T cells was sufficient to rescue polyfunctionality in aged animals. Together, these data demonstrate that low levels of TGF-β1 promote apoptosis of CD8 + effector T cells and high TGF-β1 levels associated with age result in both CD8 + T cell apoptosis and an altered transcriptional profile, which correlates with loss of polyfunctionality. Furthermore, elevated TGF-β levels are observed in the elderly human population and in aged Drosophila, suggesting that TGF-β represents an evolutionarily conserved negative regulator of the immune response in aging organisms.

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“…Most microsporidial infections have been reported to occur in severely immunocompromised individuals, mainly HIV/ AIDS patients, but cases in HIV-negative people, including travelers and elderly people, are constantly increasing (11,27). Additionally, the number of non-HIV-infected patients with other forms of immunosuppression is also increasing.…”

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confidence: 99%

First Cases of Microsporidiosis in Transplant Recipients in Spain and Review of the Literature

et al. 2011

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Microsporidia are currently considered emerging pathogens responsible for life-threatening infections in organ transplant recipients. Here, we describe the first cases of intestinal microsporidiosis by Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D in two non-HIV-infected renal transplant recipients from Spain. Previously reported cases of microsporidiosis in organ transplant recipients have also been reviewed, highlighting the necessity of considering organ transplant recipients a risk group for microsporidiosis. A systematic search for these parasites is recommended in cases of persistent diarrhea and in the differential diagnosis of other syndromes, such as chronic fever of unknown etiology.

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Intestinal Microsporidiosis Due toEnterocytozoon bieneusiin Elderly Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Patients from Vigo, Spain

Cited by 105 publications

References 19 publications

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

The microsporidian polar tube: A highly specialised invasion organelle

Intrinsic TGF-β signaling promotes age-dependent CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality attrition

First Cases of Microsporidiosis in Transplant Recipients in Spain and Review of the Literature

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