Intestinal Microbiota in Common Chronic Inflammatory Disorders Affecting Children

Abstract

The incidence and prevalence rate of chronic inflammatory disorders is on the rise in the pediatric population. Recent research indicates the crucial role of interactions between the altered intestinal microbiome and the immune system in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory disorders in children, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and celiac disease (CeD). Here, we review recent knowledge concerning the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders, and summarize the facts suggesting that the initiation and progression of IBD, T1DM, and CeD can be partially attributed to disturbances in the patterns of composition and abundance of the gut microbiota. The standard available therapies for chronic inflammatory disorders in children largely aim to treat symptoms. Although constant efforts are being made to maximize the quality of life for children in the long-term, sustained improvements are still difficult to achieve. Additional challenges are the changing physiology associated with growth and development of children, a population that is particularly susceptible to medication-related adverse effects. In this review, we explore new promising therapeutic approaches aimed at modulation of either gut microbiota or the activity of the immune system to induce a long-lasting remission of chronic inflammatory disorders. Recent preclinical studies and clinical trials have evaluated new approaches, for instance the adoptive transfer of immune cells, with genetically engineered regulatory T cells expressing antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptors. These approaches have revolutionized cancer treatments and have the potential for the protection of high-risk children from developing autoimmune diseases and effective management of inflammatory disorders. The review also focuses on the findings of studies that indicate that the responses to a variety of immunotherapies can be enhanced by strategic manipulation of gut microbiota, thus emphasizing on the importance of proper interaction between the gut microbiota and immune system for sustained health benefits and improvement of the quality of life of pediatric patients.

Gut Microbiome in Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

“…The gut microbiome has also been implicated in many medical conditions, some of which are associated with comorbid pain. These include degenerative 116 and inflammatory joint diseases, 117,118 neurologic conditions including Parkinson’s disease 16 and multiple sclerosis, 30 inflammatory bowel diseases, 119,120 and others. We have limited the scope of this review to include mainly primary pain conditions; however, interested readers may find further reading in the references.…”

Dietary Natural Compounds and Vitamins as Potential Cofactors in Uterine Fibroids Growth and Development

“…Probiotics are living microorganisms that have a positive effect on gut microbiota. Changes in gut microbiota associated with probiotics intake have been shown to have positive effects in a number of diseases, mainly associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress [29][30][31][32][33][34], but to date, there have not been many studies on probiotic impact on uterine leiomyoma-only an indirect role of intestinal microflora changes resulting from yoghurt consumption and their effect on myoma formation has been observed [13,17,20,21].…”

The relationship between gut microbiota and neonatal pathologic jaundice: A pilot case-control study

“…Previous studies have shown that B. fragilis accounted for 50% of the pathogenic bacteria in neonatal bacteremia ( Brook, 1990 ). Also, some studies have noted that the increased abundance of Bacteroides can cause chronic inflammatory effects and lead to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), celiac disease and other diseases ( Torun et al, 2021 ). In our study, Bacteroides were more abundant in the case group, which may cause intestinal inflammation most likely due to the increase of harmful bacteria B. fragilis .…”