Intestinal lineage commitment of embryonic stem cells

Li, Cao; Gibson, Jason D.; Miyamoto, Shingo; Sail, Vibhavari; Verma, Rajeev; Rosenberg, Daniel W.; Nelson, Craig E.; Giardina, Charles

doi:10.1016/j.diff.2010.09.182

Cited by 53 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…Our third example, the gut endoderm, concerns adult stem cells and their local structuredependent maintenance. As described below, a recent series of studies on adult intestinal stem cells, including both in vivo and in vitro approaches, have provided novel insights into the local relationship between stem cells and their niche (Sato et al, 2009;Sato et al, 2011;Takeda et al, 2011;Tian et al, 2011;Cao et al, 2011;Spence et al, 2011). These studies revealed the dynamic selfsustaining nature of intestinal crypt structures, which are crucial for the development and homeostasis of the gut stem cell system.…”

Section: Intestinal Crypt Architecture Self-forms From a Single Stem mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the studies described above mainly dealt with adult intestinal stem cells, crypt-like organoids have been also successfully generated from ES cell and iPS cells (Cao et al, 2011;Spence et al, 2011). These studies using pluripotent stem cell culture suggest the possibility that the 3D gut organoid culture could be used to analyze the developmental aspects of gut epithelia besides the maintenance mechanism.…”

Section: Gut Organoid Formation In Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells

2012

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SummaryOrgan formation during embryogenesis is a complex process that involves various local cell-cell interactions at the molecular and mechanical levels. Despite this complexity, organogenesis can be modelled in vitro. In this article, we focus on two recent examples in which embryonic stem cells can self-organise into three-dimensional structures -the optic cup and the pituitary epithelium; and one case of self-organising adult stem cells -the gut epithelium. We summarise how these approaches have revealed intrinsic programs that drive locally autonomous modes of organogenesis and homeostasis. We also attempt to interpret the results of previous in vivo studies of retinal development in light of the self-organising nature of the retina.

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Section: Intestinal Crypt Architecture Self-forms From a Single Stem mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gut Organoid Formation In Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells

2012

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“…This may be of importance to the demonstrated maintenance of hESC by activin A and may be one reason why CF-1 feeder cells could be more efficient in establishing or maintaining ESC and iPSC cell lines than STO feeder cells (Brooks and Gardner 1997;Beattie et al 2005;Xiao et al 2006). Also of note is that activin A is widely reported to drive ESC, iPSC, and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into definitive endoderm lineage cells and cardiomyocytes (D'Amour et al 2005;Sulzbacher et al 2009;Cao et al 2011). This would therefore suggest that CF-1 feeder cells might be a better inducer of endoderm/mesoderm differentiation than STO feeder cells; other conditions applying, such as the absence or presence of exogenous bFGF, for example (Beattie et al 2005;Willems and Leyns 2008;Sulzbacher et al 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative and semiquantitative immunoassay of growth factors and cytokines in the conditioned medium of STO and CF-1 mouse feeder cells

Talbot

Sparks²,

Powell³

et al. 2011

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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Feeder cells of irradiated mouse fibroblasts are commonly used for, and are generally necessary for, the in vitro maintenance and growth of many fastidious cell types, particularly embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Quantitative and semiquantitative immunoassays of conditioned media were performed to identify some of the soluble cytokines, chemokines, protein hormones, and cell matrix/adhesion molecules that are elaborated from two commonly used feeder cells, STO and CF-1. Among those quantitatively assayed, the most abundant cytokine proteins expressed by the feeder cells were activin A, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor 2, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-6, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (a.k.a. CSF-1), and pigment epithelium-derived factor (a.k.a. serine protease inhibitor, clade F, member 1). CF-1 cells expressed ten times more activin A than STO cells and also produced larger amounts of interleukin-6 and IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, and IGFBP-5. Conversely, STO cell produced almost ten times more HGF and five times more stem cell factor (a.k.a. c-kit ligand) than CF-1 cells. Assayed semiquantitatively, relatively large amounts of chemokines were produced by both feeder cells including fractalkine (CX3CL1), interferon-inducible protein 10 (a.k.a. CXCL10 and cytokine-responsive gene-2, CRG-2), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 (a.k.a. CCL2 and junctional epithelium chemokine (JE), MCP-5/CCL12), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (a.k.a. CXCL1 and growth-related oncogene alpha, GROα), nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (CCN3, IGFBP-9), stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12), and serpin E1 (PAI-1). In contrast to one another, STO produced more CXCL16 than CF-1 cells, and CF-1 cell produced more MCP-5 (CCL12), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), pentraxin-3 (TSG-14), and platelet factor-4 (CXCL4) than STO cells. Soluble adhesion molecule, sICAM (ICAM-1, CD54), was expressed by CF-1 cells, but not STO cells, and similarly, the cell matrix-associated molecules endocan (endothelial cell-specific molecule 1), endostatin (collagen XVIII), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 were expressed more by CF-1 cells. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 was robustly expressed by both feeder cells. Other proteins primarily detected from CF-1 cells included retinol-binding protein 4 and FGF21, while STO cells secreted more interferon gamma. Both feeder cells produced no or low amounts of LIF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-B, prolactin, various interleukins, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1, FGF-2, FGF-7, EGF, HB-EGF, and amphiregulin. The results may explain some of the cell growth and maintenance responses by various types of cells co-cultured on STO or CF-1 feeder cells.

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“…Activation of the Wnt pathway in DE cultures derived from mouse ESCs directs a posterior fate, as demonstrated by Cdx2 expression. However, Cao and colleagues reported that Cdx2 expression required the presence of fibroblast-conditioned medium (Cao et al, 2010), suggesting that other signaling factors secreted by fibroblasts were acting with Wnt to promote posterior specification. Indeed, WNT and FGF pathways were shown to act synergistically to induce a posterior fate in human PSC cultures, as marked by broad CDX2 expression (Fig.…”

Section: Using Embryonic Patterning and Inductive Cues To Generate Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manipulation of the posterior regulatory network has been the focus of efforts to direct the intestinal differentiation of mouse and human PSC-derived DE (Ameri et al, 2009;Cao et al, 2010;McCracken et al, 2011;Ogaki et al, 2013;Sherwood et al, 2011;Spence et al, 2011b;Ueda et al, 2010). Activation of the Wnt pathway in DE cultures derived from mouse ESCs directs a posterior fate, as demonstrated by Cdx2 expression.…”

Section: Using Embryonic Patterning and Inductive Cues To Generate Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to make an intestine

2014

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With the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders, there is great interest in establishing in vitro models of human intestinal disease and in developing drug-screening platforms that more accurately represent the complex physiology of the intestine. We will review how recent advances in developmental and stem cell biology have made it possible to generate complex, three-dimensional, human intestinal tissues in vitro through directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. These are currently being used to study human development, genetic forms of disease, intestinal pathogens, metabolic disease and cancer. KEY WORDS: Directed differentiation, Embryonic stem cells, Gastrointestinal disease, Gut tube, Intestinal morphogenesis, Pluripotent stem cells IntroductionThe intestinal tract is one of the most architecturally and functionally complex organs of the body. The human intestine is 8 m in length (Hounnou et al., 2002) and is subdivided into five functional domains along the proximal-to-distal axis: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum are segments of the small intestine; and the cecum and colon make up the large intestine. The intestine comprises specialized cell and tissue types from all three germ layers. Intestinal tissues include endoderm-derived epithelium, which houses specialized intestinal stem cells (ISCs) (Sato and Clevers, 2013), mesoderm-derived smooth muscle, vasculature, lymphatics and immune cells, and the ectoderm-derived enteric nervous system (ENS). The contributions from all of the germ layers are required to help coordinate a myriad of complex intestinal functions.The intestine is best known for its digestive function to orchestrate the breakdown of macronutrients, regulate absorption and secrete waste. Less appreciated is the central role of the intestinal endocrine system in coordinating systemic nutrient levels and feeding behavior with other organ systems via endocrine hormones. In addition, the epithelium of the intestine acts as a selective barrier by restricting microbes to the gut lumen (Turner, 2009). These epithelial functions are largely carried out by four cell types: absorptive enterocytes and the three secretory lineages. Secretory cells involved in barrier function include goblet and Paneth cells, which secrete mucin and antimicrobial factors. The enteroendocrine cells are a rare but diverse population of cell types that secrete hormones that regulate satiety, motility, absorption, β-cell proliferation, secretion of other hormones and digestive enzymes, among other things (Engelstoft et al., 2013). The epithelium of the intestine turns over every 5 days in mice, and this regenerative capacity is driven by a resident population of ISCs (Creamer et al., 1961;Sato et al., 2009). The mechanical functions of the intestine are controlled by complex interactions between the epithelium, smooth muscle and ENS, which regulate peristalsis to ensure unidirectional movement of luminal contents.Given the cellular and functional complexity of the intestine, it is no wonder th...

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Intestinal lineage commitment of embryonic stem cells

Cited by 53 publications

References 53 publications

In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells

In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells

Quantitative and semiquantitative immunoassay of growth factors and cytokines in the conditioned medium of STO and CF-1 mouse feeder cells

How to make an intestine

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