“…12 Multiple clinical and molecular factors are likely to determine gut colonization in early fetal life: bacterial characteristics such as number, diversity, cell surface antigens, the presence or absence of pili, host mucosal cell properties such as cell surface receptors, and epidemiologic factors such as gestational age, mode of delivery, exposure to maternal fecal flora, maternal diet, fetal antibiotic use, and type of infant feeding, including probiotics. 10, 12, 13 …”