Intestinal immune system of young rats influenced by cocoa-enriched diet

Ramiro-Puig, Emma; Pérez-Cano, Francisco J.; Ramos-Romero, Sara; Pérez-Berezo, Teresa; Castellote, Cristina; Permanyer, Joan; Franch, Àngels; Izquierdo-Pulido, Marı́a; Castell, Margarida

doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.07.002

Cited by 78 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…For example, cocoa procyanidins have been recently reported to protect intestinal Caco-2 cell from the loss of integrity induced by a lipophilic oxidant [37]. In addition, high cocoa intake has also been shown to modulate intestinal and systemic immune cell functionality in vivo [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procyanidin B2 and a cocoa polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway

Rodríguez-Ramiro¹,

Ramos²,

Bravo³

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

123

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Humans are exposed to dietary acrylamide (AA) during their lifetime, it is therefore necessary to investigate the mechanisms associated with AA induced toxic effects.Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress may contribute to AA cytotoxicity but the link between oxidative stress and AA cytotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract, the primary organ in contact with dietary AA, has not been described. In this study, we evaluate the alterations of the redox balance induced by AA in Caco-2 intestinal cells as well as the potential protective role of natural antioxidants such as a well-standardized cocoa polyphenolic extract (CPE) and its main polyphenol components epicatechin (EC) and procyanidin B2 (PB2). We found that AA-induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells is evidenced by glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. AA also activated the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) and the c-jun N-amino terminal kinases (JNKs) leading to an increase in caspase-3 activity and cell death. Studies with appropriate inhibitors confirmed the implication of oxidative stress and JNKs activation in AA-induced apoptosis. Additionally, AA cytotoxicity was counteracted by CPE or PB2 by inhibiting GSH consumption and ROS generation, increasing the levels of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and blocking the apoptotic pathways activated by AA. Therefore, AA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis are closely related to oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, natural dietary antioxidant such as PB2 and CPE were able to suppress AA toxicity by improving the redox status of Caco-2 cells and by blocking the apoptotic pathway activated by AA.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procyanidin B2 and a cocoa polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway

Rodríguez-Ramiro¹,

Ramos²,

Bravo³

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

123

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“…In particular, we focused on the intestinal and systemic inflammatory response, including the oxidative status of rats fed cocoa. Cocoa diet has been reported to show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties [11][12][13] but there is a scarce number of studies describing the effects of cocoa on IBD. The effects observed were compared with those exerted by quercitrin, with recognized antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties 6 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of cocoa flavonoids and their metabolites 10 . In addition, cocoa has exhibited in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and regulatory effects on immune cells involved in innate and acquired immunity [11][12][13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a cocoa diet on an intestinal inflammation model in rats

Pérez-Berezo

Ramírez-Santana

Franch

et al. 2012

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Cocoa is a rich source of fiber and flavonoids with recognized antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a cocoa-enriched diet on rats with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Wistar rats were fed with either a 5% cocoa diet or standard diet. Colon inflammation was induced by DSS in the drinking water: 5% for 6 days and 2% over the following 9 days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, stool consistency and blood presence in stools. A group of animals fed standard diet was treated with quercitrin (1 mg/kg) after colitis establishment. After 2 weeks of DSS treatment, the colon oxidative and inflammatory status and lymphocyte composition from blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were assessed. The cocoa-fed group did not exhibit amelioration of clinical colitis but displayed higher antioxidant activity than the colitic reference group by the restoration of colon glutathione content and prevention of lipid peroxidation. The cocoa diet showed anti-inflammatory potential because it down-regulated serum TNF-α, colon iNOS activity and decreased colon cell infiltration. Lymphocyte composition in MLN was not modified by drinking DSS, but there was an increase in the proportion of NK and regulatory T cells in the blood. These changes were not modified by cocoa. In conclusion, cocoa intake may help to inhibit the negative oxidative effects consequent to colitis, although this action is not enough to abrogate the intestinal inflammation significantly.

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“…Previous studies demonstrated that a cocoa-enriched diet in rats was able to modify the composition and functionality of several lymphoid tissues [16][17][18][19], decreasing serum IgG, IgM and IgA concentrations [16]. In addition, a cocoa diet in rats immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) attenuated anti-OVA IgG1 (the main isotype associated with the Th2 immune response in rats), IgG2a, IgG2c and IgM concentrations but led to higher amounts of anti-OVA IgG2b (the isotype linked to the Th1 response) [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A diet enriched with cocoa prevents IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model

Abril-Gil¹,

Massot-Cladera²,

Pérez-Cano³

et al. 2012

Pharmacological Research

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Previous studies in young rats reported the impact of cocoa intake on healthy immune status and allow suggesting it may have a role in the prevention of some immune-mediated diseases. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of a cocoa diet in a model of allergy in young rats. Three-week-old Brown Norway rats were immunized by i.p. injection of ovalbumin (OVA) with alum as adjuvant and Bordetella pertussis toxin. During the next 4 weeks rats received either a cocoa diet (containing 0.2% polyphenols, w/w) or a standard diet. Animals fed a standard diet showed high concentrations of anti-OVA IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and high anti-OVA IgE titres, which is the antibody involved in allergic response. In contrast, animals fed a cocoa diet showed significantly lower concentrations of anti-OVA IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Interestingly, the cocoa diet prevented anti-OVA IgE synthesis and decreased total serum IgE concentration. Analysis of cytokine production in lymph node cells at the end of the study revealed that, in this compartment, the cocoa diet decreased the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α and the interleukin (IL) -10 secretion but not IL-4 production. In conclusion, a cocoa-enriched diet in young rats produces an immunomodulatory effect that prevents anti-allergen IgE synthesis, suggesting a potential role for cocoa flavonoids in the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases. 3

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Intestinal immune system of young rats influenced by cocoa-enriched diet

Cited by 78 publications

References 34 publications

Procyanidin B2 and a cocoa polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway

Procyanidin B2 and a cocoa polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway

Effects of a cocoa diet on an intestinal inflammation model in rats

A diet enriched with cocoa prevents IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model

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