Intestinal gene expression in pigs experimentally co-infected with PCV2 and PPV

Andersson, Marlene; Ahlberg, Viktor; Jensen-Waern, Marianne; Fossum, Caroline

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.04.012

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Apart from these biological functions, human IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 have a broad-spectrum of antiviral activity, possibly brought on by inhibiting the viral entry processes [14,18,39]. In particular, human IFITM3 and IFITM2 appear to have higher antiviral activity than IFITM1 [14] and IFITM3 has been reported to inhibit virus replication in other mammals [40]. These findings suggest that after IFITM1 occurrence, the generation of IFITM2 and IFITM3 might be associated with host defense against various virus infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…These imply that marmoset and macaque might be able to be infected by the ancestors of contemporary primate viruses and/or some unknown viruses during early evolution of primates. Additionally, relative to pig IFITM3 that has been demonstrated to have an antiviral activity [40], IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 genes from macaque and marmoset have higher similarity to human IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 in sequence and domain organization. These imply that although lacking experimental support, the IR-IFITM genes from macaque and marmoset might have similar antiviral activity to human IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3.…”

Section: Clade I (Ir-ifitm)mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Evolutionary Dynamics of the Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Gene Family in Vertebrates

Zhang

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

111

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Vertebrate interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) genes have been demonstrated to have extensive and diverse functions, playing important roles in the evolution of vertebrates. Despite observance of their functionality, the evolutionary dynamics of this gene family are complex and currently unknown. Here, we performed detailed evolutionary analyses to unravel the evolutionary history of the vertebrate IFITM family. A total of 174 IFITM orthologous genes and 112 pseudogenes were identified from 27 vertebrate genome sequences. The vertebrate IFITM family can be divided into immunity-related IFITM (IR-IFITM), IFITM5 and IFITM10 sub-families in phylogeny, implying origins from three different progenitors. In general, vertebrate IFITM genes are located in two loci, one containing the IFITM10 gene, and the other locus containing IFITM5 and various numbers of IR-IFITM genes. Conservation of evolutionary synteny was observed in these IFITM genes. Significant functional divergence was detected among the three IFITM sub-families. No gene duplication or positive selection was found in IFITM5 sub-family, implying the functional conservation of IFITM5 in vertebrate evolution, which is involved in bone formation. No IFITM5 locus was identified in the marmoset genome, suggesting a potential association with the tiny size of this monkey. The IFITM10 sub-family was divided into two groups: aquatic and terrestrial types. Functional divergence was detected between the two groups, and five IFITM10-like genes from frog were dispersed into the two groups. Both gene duplication and positive selection were observed in aquatic vertebrate IFITM10-like genes, indicating that IFITM10 might be associated with the adaptation to aquatic environments. A large number of lineage- and species-specific gene duplications were observed in IR-IFITM sub-family and positive selection was detected in IR-IFITM of primates and rodents. Because primates have experienced a long history of viral infection, such rapid expansion and positive selection suggests that the evolution of primate IR-IFITM genes is associated with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Clade I (Ir-ifitm)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Evolutionary Dynamics of the Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Gene Family in Vertebrates

Zhang

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

111

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“…Baseline levels of IFITM3 in the pig and bat cells were sufficient to limit virus replication and, following siRNA targeting of baseline IFITM3, microbat IFITM3 was also capable of restricting influenza virus when overexpressed in microbat cells. As pig IFITM3 was moderately induced by poly(I : C) and upregulated upon viral challenge in vivo ( Andersson et al , 2011 ; Miller et al , 2014 ), pig IFITM3 is likely to be relevant to host antiviral responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bat and pig IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses

Benfield

Smith

Wright

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that blocks cytosolic entry of numerous viruses that utilize acidic endosomal entry pathways. In humans and mice, IFITM3 limits influenza-induced morbidity and mortality. Although many IFITM3-sensitive viruses are zoonotic, whether IFITMs function as antiviral restriction factors in mammalian species other than humans and mice is unknown. Here, IFITM3 orthologues in the microbat (Myotis myotis) and pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) were identified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Amino acid residues known to be important for IFITM3 function were conserved in the pig and microbat orthologues. Ectopically expressed pig and microbat IFITM3 co-localized with transferrin (early endosomes) and CD63 (late endosomes/multivesicular bodies). Pig and microbat IFITM3 restricted cell entry mediated by multiple influenza haemagglutinin subtypes and lyssavirus glycoproteins. Expression of pig or microbat IFITM3 in A549 cells reduced influenza virus yields and nucleoprotein expression. Conversely, small interfering RNA knockdown of IFITM3 in pig NPTr cells and primary microbat cells enhanced virus replication, demonstrating that these genes are functional in their species of origin at endogenous levels. In summary, we showed that IFITMs function as potent broad-spectrum antiviral effectors in two mammals – pigs and bats – identified as major reservoirs for emerging viruses.

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“…In contrast, PPV-infected pigs display activation of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and then initiate an effective immune response to PPV infection [82]. However, pigs infected with PCV2 and PPV display significantly increased expression levels of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ, as well as a strong upregulation of interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) along with several other interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) [83]. Furthermore, pigs inoculated with both PCV2 and PPV exhibit significantly increased TNF-α compared to pigs inoculated with PCV2 or PPV alone [84].…”

Section: Co-infection Of Pcv2 With Other Swine Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Infection of Swine with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Other Swine Viruses

Ouyang

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2019

Viruses

135

144

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.

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Intestinal gene expression in pigs experimentally co-infected with PCV2 and PPV

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Evolutionary Dynamics of the Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Gene Family in Vertebrates

Evolutionary Dynamics of the Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Gene Family in Vertebrates

Bat and pig IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses

Co-Infection of Swine with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Other Swine Viruses

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