Intestinal Dysbiosis in Autoimmune Diabetes Is Correlated With Poor Glycemic Control and Increased Interleukin-6: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Intestinal dysbiosis associated with immunological deregulation, leaky gut, bacterial translocation, and systemic inflammation has been associated with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal dysbiosis in T1D patients and correlate these results with clinical parameters and cytokines. The present study was approved by the Barretos Cancer Hospital (Process number 903/2014), and all participants have signed the informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and answered a questionnaire about dietary habits. Stool samples were used for bacterial 16S sequencing by MiSeq Illumina platform. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF, and IFN-γ plasma concentrations were determined by cytometric bead arrays. The Pearson’s chi-square, Mann–Whitney and Spearman correlation were used for statistical analyses. Alpha and beta diversities were conducted by using an annotated observed taxonomic units table. This study included 20 patients and 28 controls, and we found significant differences (P < 0.05) among consumption of vegetables, proteins, milk and derivatives, spicy food, and canned food when we compare patients and controls. We detected intestinal dysbiosis in T1D patients when we performed the beta diversity analysis (P = 0.01). The prevalent species found in patients’ stool were the Gram-negatives Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides rodentium, Prevotella copri, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens. The inflammatory interleukin-6 was significantly increased (P = 0.017) in patients’ plasma. Furthermore, we showed correlation among patients with poor glycemic control, represented by high levels of HbA1C percentages and Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillales, and Bacteroides dorei relative abundances. We concluded that there are different gut microbiota profiles between T1D patients and healthy controls. The prevalent Gram-negative species in T1D patients could be involved in the leaky gut, bacterial translocation, and poor glycemic control. However, additional studies, with larger cohorts, are required to determine a “signature” of the intestinal microbiota in T1D patients in the Brazilian population.

Supplemental Bacillus subtilis DSM 29784 and enzymes, alone or in combination, as alternatives for antibiotics to improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, anti-oxidative status, immune response and the intestinal barrier of broiler chickens

“…Intestinal dysbiosis associated with immunological deregulation, leaky gut, bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation has been associated with autoimmune diseases (73) . The innate immune system is composed of a network of cells including neutrophils, natural killer and natural killer T cells, monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells that mediate the earliest interactions with pathogens (74) .…”

Gut Microbiota Profile in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing: A Systematic Review

“…A β -diversity represents the dissimilarity between the two gut communities. A total of six studies in this review have analysed the β -diversity of gut microflora, and four of them consistently identified that the gut microbiome of T1D patients showed a remarkably distinct pattern of clustering when compared with that of HCs [ 22 , 24 , 25 , 30 ].…”

“…In contrast, three studies consistently revealed that Bacteroides positively correlated with the development of T1D [ 24 , 26 , 30 ]. Several species belonging to Bacteroides , including Bacteroides vulgatus , Bacteroides rodentium , and Bacteroides xylanisolvens , were also significantly higher in T1D patients than in HCs [ 22 ]. Similarly, the abundance of Ruminococcus also showed an increasing trend in T1D patients [ 24 , 26 ].…”

The First Case of Invasive Bacteroides Dorei Infection Detected in a Mycotic Aortic Aneurysm Patient-Raising A Rebellion of Major Indigenous Bacteria in Humans: A Case Report and Review

“…It is seemingly innocuous in healthy individuals, as Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes constitute over 90% of healthy gut microbial assemblage [16]. However, it has been demonstrated that the B. dorei proportion in the gut microbiota is responsible for a variety of diseases, including autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus [9,[17][18][19][20][21][22], colorectal diseases [23][24][25][26], atherosclerotic diseases [27][28][29][30], and even Parkinson's disease [31]. On the other hand, there is almost no report regarding B. dorei as a cause of infectious diseases or even a part of its contagious process, which consists of tissue invasion, multiplication and colonisation and in iction of host tissue damage by cytotoxic materials or direct interactions.…”